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The prime objective of this study is to seek a circuit diagram for a multi-inputs Toffoli gate including only single qubit gates and CNOTs. In this regard, we have developed two variational quantum algorithms that can be used to implement a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-31 Yuval Idan , M. N. Jayakody

Resource consumption is an important issue in quantum information processing, particularly during the present NISQ era. In this paper, we investigate resource optimization of implementing multiple controlled operations, which are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-08 Junhong Nie , Wei Zi , Xiaoming Sun

Effective quantum information processing is tantamount in part to the minimization the quantum resources needed by quantum logic gates. Here, we propose an optimization of an n-controlled-qubit Fredkin gate with a maximum of 2n+1 two-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-01 Wen-Qiang Liu , Hai-Rui Wei , Leong-Chuan Kwek

We investigate the minimal resources that are required in the local implementation of non-local quantum gates in a distributed quantum computer. Both classical communication requirements and entanglement consumption are investigated. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 J. Eisert , K. Jacobs , P. Papadopoulos , M. B. Plenio

Verifying the correct functioning of quantum gates is a crucial step towards reliable quantum information processing, but it becomes an overwhelming challenge as the system size grows due to the dimensionality curse. Recent theoretical…

Optimal implementation of quantum gates is crucial for designing a quantum computer. The necessary condition for optimal construction of a two-qubit unitary operation is obtained. It can be proved that the B gate is the unique gate that can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Yong-Sheng Zhang , Ming-Yong Ye , Guang-Can Guo

We present an implementation of multi-controlled quantum gates which provides significant reductions of cost compared to state-of-the-art methods. The operator applied on the target qubit is a unitary, special unitary, or the Pauli X…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Ben Zindorf , Sougato Bose

Qubits, which are quantum counterparts of classical bits, are used as basic information units for quantum information processing, whereas underlying physical information carriers, e.g. (artificial) atoms or ions, admit encoding of more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-28 Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Aleksey K. Fedorov

It is known that every two-qubit unitary operation has Schmidt rank one, two or four, and the construction of three-qubit unitary gates in terms of Schmidt rank remains an open problem. We explicitly construct the gates of Schmidt rank from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Zhiwei Song , Lin Chen , Mengyao Hu

A number of quantum algorithms have been performed on small quantum computers; these include Shor's prime factorization algorithm, error correction, Grover's search algorithm and a number of analog and digital quantum simulations. Because…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-28 Andrew T. Sornborger

A single-shot Toffoli, or controlled-controlled-NOT, gate is desirable for classical and quantum information processing. The Toffoli gate alone is universal for reversible computing and, accompanied by the Hadamard gate, forms a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-21 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Joydip Ghosh , Barry C. Sanders

Compared with the idea of universal quantum computation, a direct synthesis of a multiqubit logic gate can greatly improve the efficiency of quantum information processing tasks. Here we propose an efficient scheme to implement a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 H. D. Yin , X. X. Li , G. C. Wang , X. Q. Shao

The Toffoli gate is an important universal quantum gate, and will alongside the Clifford gates be available in future fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware. Many quantum algorithms rely on performing arbitrarily small single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Christoffer Hindlycke , Jakov Krnic , Jan-Åke Larsson

We introduce three compact graph states that can be used to perform a measurement-based Toffoli gate. Given a weighted graph of six, seven or eight qubits, we show that success probabilities of 1/4, 1/2 and 1 respectively can be achieved.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 M. S. Tame , S. K. Ozdemir , M. Koashi , N. Imoto , M. S. Kim

A proof is given, which relies on the commutator algebra of the unitary Lie groups, that quantum gates operating on just two bits at a time are sufficient to construct a general quantum circuit. The best previous result had shown the…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-22 David P. Divincenzo

We study the achievements of quantum circuits comprised of several one- and two-qubit gates. Quantum process matrices are determined for the basic one- and two-qubit gate operations and concatenated to yield the process matrix of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-11 J. Gulliksen , D. D. Bhaktavatsala Rao , K. Mølmer

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Vivek V. Shende , Igor L. Markov , Stephen S. Bullock

We prove the existence of a class of two--input, two--output gates any one of which is universal for quantum computation. This is done by explicitly constructing the three--bit gate introduced by Deutsch [Proc.~R.~Soc.~London.~A {\bf 425},…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 A. Barenco

We improve the number of $T$ gates needed for a $b$-bit approximation of a multiplexed quantum gate with $c$ controls applying $n$ single-qubit arbitrary phase rotations from $4n b+\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{cn b})$ to $2n b+\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{cn…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-27 Guang Hao Low

The number of two-qubit gates required to transform deterministically a three-qubit pure quantum state into another is discussed. We show that any state can be prepared from a product state using at most three CNOT gates, and that, starting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-19 Marko Znidaric , Olivier Giraud , Bertrand Georgeot