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The need to condition distributional properties such as expectation, variance, and entropy arises in algorithmic fairness, model simplification, robustness and many other areas. At face value however, distributional properties are not…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Zenna Tavares , Xin Zhang , Edgar Minaysan , Javier Burroni , Rajesh Ranganath , Armando Solar Lezama

Probabilities of causation are fundamental to individual-level explanation and decision making, yet they are inherently counterfactual and not point-identifiable from data in general. Existing bounds either disregard available covariates,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuxuan Xie , Ang Li

Currently, there is a gap between the tools used by probability theorists and those used in formal reasoning about probabilistic programs. On the one hand, a probability theorist decomposes probabilistic state along the simple and natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-30 John M. Li , Jon Aytac , Philip Johnson-Freyd , Amal Ahmed , Steven Holtzen

Understanding variable dependence, particularly eliciting their statistical properties given a set of covariates, provides the mathematical foundation in practical operations management such as risk analysis and decision-making given…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-06 Yunyun Wang , Tatsushi Oka , Dan Zhu

Conformal prediction is a statistically rigorous method for quantifying uncertainty in models by having them output sets of predictions, with larger sets indicating more uncertainty. However, prediction sets are not inherently actionable;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Jesse C. Cresswell , Bhargava Kumar , Yi Sui , Mouloud Belbahri

When performing Bayesian inference, we frequently need to work with conditional probability densities. For example, the posterior function is the conditional density of the parameters given the data. Some might worry that conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Alex Yan , Cathal Mills , Augustin Marignier , Younjung Kim , Ben Lambert

Systems biology models are useful models of complex biological systems that may require a large amount of experimental data to fit each model's parameters or to approximate a likelihood function. These models range from a few to thousands…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-12 Vincent D. Zaballa , Elliot E. Hui

We study product regular conditional probabilities under measures of two coordinates with respect to the second coordinate that are weakly continuous on the support of the marginal of the second coordinate. Assuming that there exists a…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-10-18 Willem van Zuijlen

Dependency networks (Heckerman et al., 2000) provide a flexible framework for modeling complex systems with many variables by combining independently learned local conditional distributions through pseudo-Gibbs sampling. Despite their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Kazuya Takabatake , Shotaro Akaho

Conditional independence plays a foundational role in database theory, probability theory, information theory, and graphical models. In databases, conditional independence appears in database normalization and is known as the (embedded)…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Miika Hannula

We use the martingale-theoretic approach of game-theoretic probability to incorporate imprecision into the study of randomness. In particular, we define several notions of randomness associated with interval, rather than precise,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-06-24 Gert de Cooman , Jasper De Bock

Conformal Prediction offers a powerful framework for quantifying uncertainty in machine learning models, enabling the construction of prediction sets with finite-sample validity guarantees. While easily adaptable to non-probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-27 Eshant English , Christoph Lippert

Identifying and understanding modular organizations is centrally important in the study of complex systems. Several approaches to this problem have been advanced, many framed in information-theoretic terms. Our treatment starts from the…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-01-19 Artemy Kolchinsky , Luis M. Rocha

Spurious association arises from covariance between propensity for the treatment and individual risk for the outcome. For sensitivity analysis with stochastic counterfactuals we introduce a methodology to characterize uncertainty in causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-11 Brian Knaeble , Braxton Osting , Placede Tshiaba

In the propositional setting, the marginal problem is to find a (maximum-entropy) distribution that has some given marginals. We study this problem in a relational setting and make the following contributions. First, we compare two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Ondrej Kuzelka , Yuyi Wang , Jesse Davis , Steven Schockaert

In statistics, forecast uncertainty is often quantified using a specified statistical model, though such approaches may be vulnerable to model misspecification, selection bias, and limited finite-sample validity. While bootstrapping can…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-12 Han Lin Shang

Suppose we are given two probability measures on the set of one-way infinite finite-alphabet sequences and consider the question when one of the measures predicts the other, that is, when conditional probabilities converge (in a certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2008-06-26 Daniil Ryabko , Marcus Hutter

Conformal Prediction methods have finite-sample distribution-free marginal coverage guarantees. However, they generally do not offer conditional coverage guarantees, which can be important for high-stakes decisions. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-27 Ruijiang Gao , Mingzhang Yin , James McInerney , Nathan Kallus

Predicting the evolution of a large system of units using its structure of interaction is a fundamental problem in complex system theory. And so is the problem of reconstructing the structure of interaction from temporal observations. Here,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-02-10 Charles Murphy , Vincent Thibeault , Antoine Allard , Patrick Desrosiers

The concept of typicality refers to properties holding for the "overwhelming majority" of cases and is a fundamental idea of the qualitative approach to dynamical problems. We argue that measure-theoretical typicality would be the adequate…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Sergio B. Volchan