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AI-enabled decision-support systems aim to help medical providers rapidly make decisions with limited information during medical emergencies. A critical challenge in developing these systems is supporting providers in interpreting the…

Artificial intelligence in medicine is built to serve the average patient. By minimizing error across large datasets, most systems deliver strong aggregate accuracy yet falter at the margins: patients with rare variants, multimorbidity, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Pedram Fard , Alaleh Azhir , Neguine Rezaii , Jiazi Tian , Hossein Estiri

Medical dialogue systems have attracted significant attention for their potential to act as medical assistants. Enabling these medical systems to emulate clinicians' diagnostic reasoning process has been the long-standing research focus.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kaishuai Xu , Yi Cheng , Wenjun Hou , Qiaoyu Tan , Wenjie Li

Prognostic and diagnostic AI-based medical devices hold immense promise for advancing healthcare, yet their rapid development has outpaced the establishment of appropriate validation methods. Existing approaches often fall short in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Florian Hellmeier , Kay Brosien , Carsten Eickhoff , Alexander Meyer

We present Doctorina MedBench, a comprehensive evaluation framework for agent-based medical AI based on the simulation of realistic physician-patient interactions. Unlike traditional medical benchmarks that rely on solving standardized test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Anna Kozlova , Stanislau Salavei , Pavel Satalkin , Hanna Plotnitskaya , Sergey Parfenyuk

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has led to many promising developments; however, increasingly, AI research is funded by the private sector leading to potential trade-offs between benefits to patients and benefits to industry.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Rina Khan , Annabelle Sauve , Imaan Bayoumi , Amber L. Simpson , Catherine Stinson

Artificial intelligence systems are increasingly deployed in biomedical research. However, current evaluation frameworks may inadequately assess their effectiveness as research collaborators. This rapid review examines benchmarking…

Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated strong potential in clinical diagnostics, often achieving accuracy comparable to or exceeding that of human experts. A key challenge, however, is that AI reasoning frequently diverges from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Belona Sonna , Alban Grastien

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mitigating medical overtreatment, a significant issue characterized by unnecessary interventions that inflate healthcare costs and pose risks to patients. We…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-05 Ziyi Wang , Lijia Wei , Lian Xue

Building and deploying machine learning solutions in healthcare remains expensive and labor-intensive due to fragmented preprocessing workflows, model compatibility issues, and stringent data privacy constraints. In this work, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Soorya Ram Shimgekar , Shayan Vassef , Abhay Goyal , Navin Kumar , Koustuv Saha

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers incredible possibilities for patient care, but raises significant ethical issues, such as the potential for bias. Powerful ethical frameworks exist to minimize these issues, but are often developed for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ion Nemteanu , Adir Mancebo , Leslie Joe , Ryan Lopez , Patricia Lopez , Warren Woodrich Pettine

Trust in clinical artificial intelligence (AI) cannot be reduced to model accuracy, fluency of generation, or overall positive user impression. In medicine, trust must be engineered as a measurable system property grounded in evidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Serhii Zabolotnii , Viktoriia Holinko , Olha Antonenko

AI models are increasingly deployed in live clinical environments where they must perform reliably across complex, high-stakes workflows that standard training and validation datasets were never designed to capture. Evaluating these systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Prasanna Desikan , Harshit Rajgarhia , Shivali Dalmia , Ananya Mantravadi

In high stakes organizational contexts like healthcare, artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly being designed to augment complex coordination tasks. This paper investigates how the ethical stakes of such systems are shaped by…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anand Bhardwaj , Samer Faraj

Most clinical AI systems operate as prediction engines -- producing labels or risk scores -- yet real clinical reasoning is a time-bounded, sequential control problem under uncertainty. Clinicians interleave information gathering with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Dipayan Sengupta , Saumya Panda

High stakes decision-making often requires a continuous interplay between evolving evidence and shifting hypotheses, a dynamic that is not well supported by current AI decision support systems. In this paper, we introduce a mixed-initiative…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Chengbo Zheng , Tim Miller , Alina Bialkowski , H Peter Soyer , Monika Janda

Objective: This paper introduces a patient simulator for scalable, automated evaluation of healthcare conversational agents, generating realistic, controllable interactions that systematically vary across medical, linguistic, and behavioral…

Current ethical debates on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care treat AI as a product of technology in three ways: First, by assessing risks and potential benefits of currently developed AI-enabled products with ethical…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Silke Schicktanz , Johannes Welsch , Mark Schweda , Andreas Hein , Jochem W. Rieger , Thomas Kirste

AI based mental health diagnosis is often judged by benchmark accuracy, yet in practice its value depends on how psychologists respond whether they accept, adjust, or reject AI suggestions. Mental health makes this especially challenging:…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Filippo Cenacchi , Longbing Cao , Deborah Richards

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become essential in modern healthcare, with large language models (LLMs) offering promising advances in clinical decision-making. Traditional model-based approaches, including those leveraging in-context…