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Explainable AI (XAI) methods identify which features are relevant to a model's predictions but often fail to clarify why certain decisions are made. In this work, we present a novel method that integrates causality with argument-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Henry Salgado , Meagan R. Kendall , Martine Ceberio

Causality plays an important role in daily processes, human reasoning, and artificial intelligence. There has however not been much research on causality in multi-agent strategic settings. In this work, we introduce a systematic way to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Sylvia S. Kerkhove , Natasha Alechina , Mehdi Dastani

Asking which sets are fixed-parameter tractable for a given parameterization constitutes much of the current research in parameterized complexity theory. This approach faces some of the core difficulties in complexity theory. By focussing…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Jouke Witteveen , Leen Torenvliet

Causal reasoning is a crucial part of science and human intelligence. In order to discover causal relationships from data, we need structure discovery methods. We provide a review of background theory and a survey of methods for structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Matthew J. Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

This tutorial provides a concise introduction to modern causal modeling by integrating potential outcomes and graphical methods. We motivate causal questions such as counterfactual reasoning under interventions and define binary treatments…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-27 Gauranga Kumar Baishya

Interpreting the inner function of neural networks is crucial for the trustworthy development and deployment of these black-box models. Prior interpretability methods focus on correlation-based measures to attribute model decisions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ola Ahmad , Nicolas Bereux , Loïc Baret , Vahid Hashemi , Freddy Lecue

We formulate a general framework for building structural causal models (SCMs) with deep learning components. The proposed approach employs normalising flows and variational inference to enable tractable inference of exogenous noise…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-26 Nick Pawlowski , Daniel C. Castro , Ben Glocker

We give an overview of certain aspects of tractability analysis of multivariate problems. This paper is not intended to give a complete account of the subject, but provides an insight into how the theory works for particular types of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-17 Peter Kritzer

Being able to provide explanations for a model's decision has become a central requirement for the development, deployment, and adoption of machine learning models. However, we are yet to understand what explanation methods can and cannot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Krikamol Muandet , Simon Kornblith , Bernhard Schölkopf , Been Kim

In many scientific contexts, different investigators experiment with or observe different variables with data from a domain in which the distinct variable sets might well be related. This sort of fragmentation sometimes occurs in molecular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Shuyan Wang

Causal Models are increasingly suggested as a means to reason about the behavior of cyber-physical systems in socio-technical contexts. They allow us to analyze courses of events and reason about possible alternatives. Until now, however,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Severin Kacianka , Amjad Ibrahim , Alexander Pretschner , Alexander Trende , Andreas Lüdtke

As probabilistic systems gain popularity and are coming into wider use, the need for a mechanism that explains the system's findings and recommendations becomes more critical. The system will also need a mechanism for ordering competing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-08 Urszula Chajewska , Joseph Y. Halpern

Generalized structural equations models (GSEMs) [Peters and Halpern 2021], are, as the name suggests, a generalization of structural equations models (SEMs). They can deal with (among other things) infinitely many variables with infinite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Joseph Y. Halpern , Spencer Peters

Prior work has shown that causal structure can be uniquely identified from observational data when these follow a structural equation model whose error terms have equal variances. We show that this fact is implied by an ordering among…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-25 Wenyu Chen , Mathias Drton , Y. Samuel Wang

Recently, there has been considerable progress on designing algorithms with provable guarantees -- typically using linear algebraic methods -- for parameter learning in latent variable models. But designing provable algorithms for inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Sanjeev Arora , Rong Ge , Frederic Koehler , Tengyu Ma , Ankur Moitra

Despite the wide use of explainability techniques to attempt to understand the behavior of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the generated explanations may not always be reliable. An explanation can appear plausible to humans but fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tomás Pereira , João Vitorino , Eva Maia , Isabel Praça

We perform a refined complexity-theoretic analysis of three classical problems in the context of Hierarchical Task Network Planning: the verification of a provided plan, whether an executable plan exists, and whether a given state can be…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Cornelius Brand , Robert Ganian , Fionn Mc Inerney , Simon Wietheger

The ubiquity of machine learning based predictive models in modern society naturally leads people to ask how trustworthy those models are? In predictive modeling, it is quite common to induce a trade-off between accuracy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-05 John Mitros , Brian Mac Namee

Much of our experiments are designed to uncover the cause(s) and effect(s) behind a data generating mechanism (i.e., phenomenon) we happen to be interested in. Uncovering such relationships allows us to identify the true working of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 M. Z. Naser

Psychosocial constructs can only be assessed indirectly, and measures are typically formed by a combination of indicators that are thought to relate to the construct. Reflective and formative measurement models offer different…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-24 Tyler J. VanderWeele