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We discuss recently measured event-by-event multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. It is shown that the non-monotonic behavior of the multiplicity fluctuations as a function of collision centrality can be fully…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 M. Rybczynski , Z. Wlodarczyk

We study the influence and interplay of initial state and final state effects in the dynamics of small systems, focusing on azimuthal correlations at different multiplicities. To this end we introduce a new model, matching the classical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-03-04 Moritz Greif , Carsten Greiner , Björn Schenke , Sören Schlichting , Zhe Xu

Volume or centrality fluctuations (CF) is one of the main uncertainties for interpreting the centrality dependence of many experimental observables. The CF is constrained by centrality selection based on particle multiplicity in a reference…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-10-24 Mingliang Zhou , Jiangyong Jia

Recent measurements of event-by-event elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 200 GeV exhibit large relative fluctuations of about 40~50%. The data are well described by fluctuations in the shape of the initial collision region, as…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Steven Manly

We study the effects of initial state fluctuations on the dynamical evolution of heavy quarks inside a quark-gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The evolution of heavy quarks in QGP matter is described utilizing a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-11-25 Shanshan Cao , Yajing Huang , Guang-You Qin , Steffen A. Bass

We study the dynamics of quantum fluctuations which take place at the earliest stage of high-energy processes and the conditions under which the data from e-p deep-inelastic scattering may serve as an input for computing the initial data…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 A. Makhlin , E. Surdutovich

We discuss the importance of event-by-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We present results of multiplicity fluctuations of photons and charged particles produced in 158$\cdot A$ GeV Pb+Pb collisions at CERN-SPS.…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2009-11-07 Tapan K. Nayak

The PHENIX Experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has made measurements of event-by-event fluctuations in the charged particle multiplicity as a function of collision energy, centrality, collision species, and transverse momentum…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Jeffery T. Mitchell

We develop a framework for event-by-event ideal hydrodynamics to study the differential elliptic flow which is measured at different centralities in Au+Au collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Fluctuating initial energy…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-03-22 Hannu Holopainen , Harri Niemi , Kari J. Eskola

We argue that the transverse shape of the fireball created in heavy ion collision is controlled by event-by-event fluctuations of the eccentricity vectors for the forward-going and backward-going wounded nucleons:…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-10-08 Jiangyong Jia , Peng Huo

Introductory talk at the Session on Correlations and Fluctuations of the XXVII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics held in Delphi, Greece, from 6th till 11th of September 1998.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Bialas

Fluctuation relations for the entropy production in non equilibrium stationary states of Ising models are investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. Systems in contact with heat baths at two different temperatures or subject to external…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. Piscitelli , F. Corberi , G. Gonnella , A. Pelizzola

Relativistic hydrodynamics has been quite successful in explaining the collective behaviour of the QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We briefly review the latest developments in the hydrodynamical…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-10-28 Amaresh Jaiswal , Victor Roy

We introduce an event-by-event perturbative-QCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD-matter energy densities from next-to-leading order…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-02-17 H. Niemi , K. J. Eskola , R. Paatelainen

Charge fluctuations observed in early fixed-target proton-proton experiments are consistent with string models. In central heavy ion events the picture can change in two ways: strings can interact and find new ways to hadronize or they can…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-08-23 Fritz W. Bopp , Johannes Ranft

The study of multiplicity distributions of identified particles in terms of their higher moments is at the focus of contemporary experimental and theoretical studies. In a thermalized system, combinations of these moments are directly…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-02-20 Peter Braun-Munzinger , Anar Rustamov , Johanna Stachel

Heavy-ion collision experiments offer a unique opportunity to explore the early stages of the Universe by creating matter under extreme conditions of high temperature and baryon density. The properties of such matter are governed by the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-09-12 Elena Bratkovskaya , Jörg Aichelin

A framework combining Yang-Mills dynamics of the pre-equilibrium glasma with relativistic viscous hydrodynamic evolution of the quark-gluon plasma and hadron gas phases is presented. Event-by-event fluctuations of nucleon positions and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-11 Charles Gale , Sangyong Jeon , Bjoern Schenke , Prithwish Tribedy , Raju Venugopalan

Event-by-event fluctuations of the baryon number, which is mostly carried by protons and neutrons, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a sensitive probe for locating the conjectured critical point in the quantum chromodynamics…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-24 Yi-Heng Feng , Che Ming Ko , Xiaofeng Luo , Yu-Gang Ma , Kai-Jia Sun , Song Zhang

Sub-nuclear fluctuations in the initial state of heavy-ion collisions impact not only transverse long-range correlations of small systems, but also the creation of longitudinal structures, seen in particle detectors as longitudinal…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-04-02 Oscar Garcia-Montero , Sören Schlichting , Jie Zhu