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Multiclass classification problems such as image annotation can involve a large number of classes. In this context, confusion between classes can occur, and single label classification may be misleading. We provide in the present paper a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-19 Christophe Denis , Mohamed Hebiri

Issue tracking systems are used in the software industry for the facilitation of maintenance activities that keep the software robust and up to date with ever-changing industry requirements. Usually, users report issues that can be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Anas Nadeem , Muhammad Usman Sarwar , Muhammad Zubair Malik

Label smoothing is widely used in deep neural networks for multi-class classification. While it enhances model generalization and reduces overconfidence by aiming to lower the probability for the predicted class, it distorts the predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Mohamed Maher , Meelis Kull

Cluster analysis methods seek to partition a data set into homogeneous subgroups. It is useful in a wide variety of applications, including document processing and modern genetics. Conventional clustering methods are unsupervised, meaning…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-11 Eric Bair

Label noise is a common problem in real-world datasets, affecting both model training and validation. Clean data are essential for achieving strong performance and ensuring reliable evaluation. While various techniques have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Henrique Pickler , Jorge K. S. Kamassury , Danilo Silva

In reality, learning from multi-view multi-label data inevitably confronts three challenges: missing labels, incomplete views, and non-aligned views. Existing methods mainly concern the first two and commonly need multiple assumptions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Xiang Li , Songcan Chen

K-12 classrooms consistently integrate collaboration as part of their learning experiences. However, owing to large classroom sizes, teachers do not have the time to properly assess each student and give them feedback. In this paper we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Anirudh Som , Sujeong Kim , Bladimir Lopez-Prado , Svati Dhamija , Nonye Alozie , Amir Tamrakar

Deep neural networks have shown impressive performance in supervised learning, enabled by their ability to fit well to the provided training data. However, their performance is largely dependent on the quality of the training data and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Abhishek Kumar , Ehsan Amid

In supervised machine learning, models are typically trained using data with hard labels, i.e., definite assignments of class membership. This traditional approach, however, does not take the inherent uncertainty in these labels into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Sjoerd de Vries , Dirk Thierens

Whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can outperform crowdsourcing on the data annotation task is attracting interest recently. Some works verified this issue with the average performance of individual crowd workers and LLM workers on some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jiyi Li

We investigate probabilistic decoupling of labels supplied for training, from the underlying classes for prediction. Decoupling enables an inference scheme general enough to implement many classification problems, including supervised,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Jeppe Nørregaard , Lars Kai Hansen

As a means of human-based computation, crowdsourcing has been widely used to annotate large-scale unlabeled datasets. One of the obvious challenges is how to aggregate these possibly noisy labels provided by a set of heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xuan Wei , Daniel Dajun Zeng , Junming Yin

Record matching models typically output a real-valued matching score that is later consumed through thresholding, ranking, or human review. While fairness in record matching has mostly been assessed using binary decisions at a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammad Hossein Moslemi , Mostafa Milani

Multiple-instance learning is a subset of weakly supervised learning where labels are applied to sets of instances rather than the instances themselves. Under the standard assumption, a set is positive only there is if at least one instance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Daniel Grahn

Large-scale labeled dataset is the indispensable fuel that ignites the AI revolution as we see today. Most such datasets are constructed using crowdsourcing services such as Amazon Mechanical Turk which provides noisy labels from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Chong Liu , Yu-Xiang Wang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers using both labelled and unlabelled data. It leverages information from labelled samples, whose acquisition is often costly or labour-intensive, together with unlabelled data to enhance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-29 Jinran Wu , You-Gan Wang , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

In real-world applications, as data availability increases, obtaining labeled data for machine learning (ML) projects remains challenging due to the high costs and intensive efforts required for data annotation. Many ML projects,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ismail Hakki Karaman , Gulser Koksal , Levent Eriskin , Salih Salihoglu

Collecting labeled data is costly and thus a critical bottleneck in real-world classification tasks. To mitigate this problem, we propose a novel setting, namely learning from complementary labels for multi-class classification. A…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-15 Takashi Ishida , Gang Niu , Weihua Hu , Masashi Sugiyama

Deep learning for Information Retrieval (IR) requires a large amount of high-quality query-document relevance labels, but such labels are inherently sparse. Label smoothing redistributes some observed probability mass over unobserved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Jihyuk Kim , Minsoo Kim , Seung-won Hwang

Supervised classification approaches can predict labels for unknown data because of the supervised training process. The success of classification is heavily dependent on the labeled training data. Differently, clustering is effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-19 Fangfang Li , Guandong Xu , Longbing Cao