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Negotiations are a formalism for describing multiparty distributed cooperation. Alternatively, they can be seen as a model of concurrency with synchronized choice as communication primitive. Well-designed negotiations must be sound, meaning…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Javier Esparza , Denis Kuperberg , Anca Muscholl , Igor Walukiewicz

We study the membership problem to context-free languages L (CFLs) on probabilistic words, that specify for each position a probability distribution on the letters (assuming independence across positions). Our task is to compute, given a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Antoine Amarilli , Mikaël Monet , Paul Raphaël , Sylvain Salvati

We test the robustness of debate as a method of scalable oversight by training models to debate with data generated via self-play. In a long-context reading comprehension task, we find that language model based evaluators answer questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Samuel Arnesen , David Rein , Julian Michael

As large language models become integral to high-stakes applications, ensuring their robustness and fairness is critical. Despite their success, large language models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where small perturbations, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Danqing Chen , Tobias Ladner , Ahmed Rayen Mhadhbi , Matthias Althoff

Verifiable learning advocates for training machine learning models amenable to efficient security verification. Prior research demonstrated that specific classes of decision tree ensembles -- called large-spread ensembles -- allow for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Stefano Calzavara , Lorenzo Cazzaro , Claudio Lucchese , Giulio Ermanno Pibiri

Design and control of autonomous systems that operate in uncertain or adversarial environments can be facilitated by formal modelling and analysis. Probabilistic model checking is a technique to automatically verify, for a given temporal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker

The parameterized model-checking problem for a class of first-order sentences (queries) asks to decide whether a given sentence from the class holds true in a given relational structure (database); the parameter is the length of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Yijia Chen , Michael Elberfeld , Moritz Müller

Developing tools to automatically detect check-worthy claims in political debates and speeches can greatly help moderators of debates, journalists, and fact-checkers. While previous work on this problem has focused exclusively on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Petar Ivanov , Ivan Koychev , Momchil Hardalov , Preslav Nakov

Can LLMs accurately adjust their confidence when facing opposition? Building on previous studies measuring calibration on static fact-based question-answering tasks, we evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) in a dynamic, adversarial debate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pradyumna Shyama Prasad , Minh Nhat Nguyen

We consider the parameterized verification problem for distributed algorithms where the goal is to develop techniques to prove the correctness of a given algorithm regardless of the number of participating processes. Motivated by an…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Nathalie Bertrand , Nicolas Markey , Ocan Sankur , Nicolas Waldburger

We study the notion of sparseness for regular languages over finite trees and infinite words. A language of trees is called sparse if the relative number of $n$-node trees in the language tends to zero, and a language of infinite words is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Kord Eickmeyer , Georg Schindling

Consider the problem of testing whether the outputs of a large language model (LLM) system change under an arbitrary intervention, such as an input perturbation or changing the model variant. We cannot simply compare two LLM outputs since…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Paulius Rauba , Qiyao Wei , Mihaela van der Schaar

The paper tackles the power of randomization in the context of locality by analyzing the ability to`boost' the success probability of deciding a distributed language. The main outcome of this analysis is that the distributed computing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Pierre Fraigniaud , Amos Korman , Merav Parter , David Peleg

Recently, few certified defense methods have been developed to provably guarantee the robustness of a text classifier to adversarial synonym substitutions. However, all existing certified defense methods assume that the defenders are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Jiehang Zeng , Xiaoqing Zheng , Jianhan Xu , Linyang Li , Liping Yuan , Xuanjing Huang

We describe an approach to robust domain-independent syntactic parsing of unrestricted naturally-occurring (English) input. The technique involves parsing sequences of part-of-speech and punctuation labels using a unification-based grammar…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Ted Briscoe , John Carroll

How do language models "think"? This paper formulates a probabilistic cognitive model called the bounded pragmatic speaker, which can characterize the operation of different variations of language models. Specifically, we demonstrate that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Khanh Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications requiring factual accuracy, yet their outputs often contain hallucinated responses. While fact-checking can mitigate these errors, existing methods typically retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Haoran Wang , Maryam Khalid , Qiong Wu , Jian Gao , Cheng Cao

Reasoning under uncertainty is a fundamental challenge in Artificial Intelligence. As with most of these challenges, there is a harsh dilemma between the expressive power of the language used, and the tractability of the computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Luise Ge , Brendan Juba , Kris Nilsson

Manipulation, bribery, and control are well-studied ways of changing the outcome of an election. Many voting rules are, in the general case, computationally resistant to some of these manipulative actions. However when restricted to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Gábor Erdélyi , Martin Lackner , Andreas Pfandler

Recent studies have revealed the vulnerability of large language models to adversarial attacks, where adversaries craft specific input sequences to induce harmful, violent, private, or incorrect outputs. In this work, we study their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Huanran Chen , Yinpeng Dong , Zeming Wei , Hang Su , Jun Zhu