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We derive a thermodynamic uncertainty relation for general open quantum dynamics, described by a joint unitary evolution on a composite system comprising a system and an environment. By measuring the environmental state after the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-01-06 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

We consider a situation where an $N$-level system (NLS) is coupled successively to two heat baths with different temperatures without being necessarily thermalized and approaches a steady state. For this situation we apply a general…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-08-09 Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt , Jochen Gemmer

We study temperature fluctuations in mesoscopic $N$-body systems undergoing non-equilibrium processes from the perspective of stochastic thermodynamics. By introducing a stochastic differential equation, we describe the evolution of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-19 Zhaoyu Fei , Yu-Han Ma

The Jarzynski equality (JE), which connects the equilibrium free energy with non-equilibrium work statistics, plays a crucial role in quantum thermodynamics. Although practical quantum systems are usually multi-level systems, most tests of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-26 Wenquan Liu , Zhibo Niu , Wei Cheng , Xin Li , Chang-Kui Duan , Zhangqi Yin , Xing Rong , Jiangfeng Du

In recent years we have witnessed a concentrated effort to make sense of thermodynamics for small-scale systems. One of the main difficulties is to capture a suitable notion of work that models realistically the purpose of quantum machines,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 R. Gallego , J. Eisert , H. Wilming

There are two related theorems which hold even in far from equilibrium, namely fluctuation theorem and Jarzynski equality. Fluctuation theorem states the existence of symmetry of fluctuation of entropy production, while Jarzynski equality…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 T. Monnai

We derive an exact (classical and quantum) expression for the entropy production of a finite system placed in contact with one or several finite reservoirs each of which is initially described by a canonical equilibrium distribution.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 Massimiliano Esposito , Katja Lindenberg , Christian Van den Broeck

The mixing of two different gases is one of the most common natural phenomena, with applications ranging from CO$_2$ capture to water purification. Traditionally, mixing is analyzed in the context of local thermal equilibrium, where systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Budhaditya Bhattacharjee , Rohit Kishan Ray , Dominik Šafránek

The Jarzynski equality is generalized to situations in which nonequilibrium systems are subject to a feedback control. The new terms that arise as a consequence of the feedback describe the mutual information content obtained by measurement…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

An explicit expression for the temperature of an open two-level quantum system is obtained as a function of local properties, under the hypothesis of weak interaction with the environment. This temperature is defined for both equilibrium…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Andrés Vallejo , Alejandro Romanelli , Raúl Donangelo

The validity of the Jarzynski equation for a very simple, exactly solvable quantum system is analyzed. The implications of two different definitions of work proposed in the literature are investigated. The first one derives from…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 A. Engel , R. Nolte

The theory of quantum thermodynamics investigates how the concepts of heat, work, and temperature can be carried over to the quantum realm, where fluctuations and randomness are fundamentally unavoidable. These lecture notes provide an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Patrick P. Potts

The Jarzynski equality is one of the most influential results in the field of non equilibrium statistical mechanics. This celebrated equality allows to calculate equilibrium free energy differences from work distributions of nonequilibrium…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-09-13 Shahaf Asban , Saar Rahav

The entropy produced when a system undergoes an infinitesimal quench is directly linked to the work parameter susceptibility, making it sensitive to the existence of a quantum critical point. Its singular behavior at $T=0$, however,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Adalberto D. Varizi , Raphael C. Drumond , Gabriel T. Landi

The work is a concept of fundamental importance in thermodynamics. An open question is how to describe the work fluctuation for quantum coherent processes in the presence of initial quantum coherence in the energy basis. With the aim of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-05 Gianluca Francica

The asymmetry between heating and cooling in open quantum systems is a hallmark of nonequilibrium dynamics, yet its thermodynamic origin has remained unclear. Here, we investigate the thermalization of a quantum system weakly coupled to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Álvaro Tejero

The thermodynamic properties of quantum heat engines are stochastic owing to the presence of thermal and quantum fluctuations. We here experimentally investigate the efficiency and nonequilibrium entropy production statistics of a spin-1/2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-29 Tobias Denzler , Jonas F. G. Santos , Eric Lutz , Roberto Serra

The influence of the environment in the thermal equilibrium properties of a bipartite continuous variable quantum system is studied. The problem is treated within a system-plus-reservoir approach. The considered model reproduces the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-05 D. M. Valente , A. O. Caldeira

Without violating causality, we allow performing measurements in time reverse process of a feedback manipulated stochastic system. As a result we come across an entropy production due to the measurement process. This entropy production, in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-17 A. Kundu

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations quantify how the signal-to-noise ratio of a given observable is constrained by dissipation. Fluctuation relations generalize the second law of thermodynamics to stochastic processes. We show that any…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-11-26 Patrick P. Potts , Peter Samuelsson