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Item response theory (IRT) has become one of the most popular statistical models for psychometrics, a field of study concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement. The IRT models are latent factor models tailored to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-20 Yunxiao Chen , Xiaoou Li , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

Item Response Theory (IRT) is widely applied in the human sciences to model persons' responses on a set of items measuring one or more latent constructs. While several R packages have been developed that implement IRT models, they tend to…

Computation · Statistics 2020-02-04 Paul-Christian Bürkner

We illustrate a class of Item Response Theory (IRT) models for binary and ordinal polythomous items and we describe an R package for dealing with these models, which is named MultiLCIRT. The models at issue extend traditional IRT models…

Applications · Statistics 2012-10-22 Francesco Bartolucci , Silvia Bacci , Michela Gnaldi

This paper is concerned with the nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) for estimating item characteristic curves (ICCs) and latent abilities of examinees on educational and psychological tests. In contrast to parametric models, NIRT…

Applications · Statistics 2017-04-26 Toshiki Sato , Yuichi Takano

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a ubiquitous model for understanding human behaviors and attitudes based on their responses to questions. Large modern datasets offer opportunities to capture more nuances in human behavior, potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Mike Wu , Richard L. Davis , Benjamin W. Domingue , Chris Piech , Noah Goodman

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Experimental evaluation is crucial in AI research, especially for assessing algorithms across diverse tasks. Many studies often evaluate a limited set of algorithms, failing to fully understand their strengths and weaknesses within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Brodie Oldfield , Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Ziqi Xu , Mario Andrés Muñoz

In \textit{computer-based testing} it has become standard to collect response accuracy (RA) and response times (RTs) for each test item. IRT models are used to measure a latent variable (e.g., ability, intelligence) using the RA…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-21 Jean-Paul Fox , Konrad Klotzke , Ahmet Salih Simsek

Item response theory (IRT) models for categorical response data are widely used in the analysis of educational data, computerized adaptive testing, and psychological surveys. However, most IRT models rely on both the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-14 Ryan Ning , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

Item Response Theory (IRT) models are widely used to estimate respondents' latent abilities and calibrate item difficulty. Traditional IRT estimation typically requires centralizing all raw responses, raising privacy and governance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Biying Zhou , Nanyu Luo , Feng Ji

The item response model in latent space (LSIRM; Jeon et al., 2021) uncovers unobserved interactions between respondents and items in the item response data by embedding both in a shared latent metric space. The R package lsirm12pl…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Dongyoung Go , Gwanghee Kim , Jina Park , Junyong Park , Minjeong Jeon , Ick Hoon Jin

Item response theory (IRT) is a class of interpretable factor models that are widely used in computerized adaptive tests (CATs), such as language proficiency tests. Traditionally, these are fit using parametric mixed effects models on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-16 James Sharpnack , Phoebe Mulcaire , Klinton Bicknell , Geoff LaFlair , Kevin Yancey

Cognitive diagnosis is a fundamental and crucial task in many educational applications, e.g., computer adaptive test and cognitive assignments. Item Response Theory (IRT) is a classical cognitive diagnosis method which can provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Song Cheng , Qi Liu

Item Response Theory (IRT) aims to assess latent abilities of respondents based on the correctness of their answers in aptitude test items with different difficulty levels. In this paper, we propose the $\beta^3$-IRT model, which models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-04 Yu Chen , Telmo Silva Filho , Ricardo B. C. Prudêncio , Tom Diethe , Peter Flach

Traditional methods for determining assessment item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination, rely heavily on expensive field testing to collect student performance data for Item Response Theory (IRT) calibration. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Christopher Ormerod

Evaluating models and datasets in computer vision remains a challenging task, with most leaderboards relying solely on accuracy. While accuracy is a popular metric for model evaluation, it provides only a coarse assessment by considering a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Rahul Ramachandran , Tejal Kulkarni , Charchit Sharma , Deepak Vijaykeerthy , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Item parameter estimation in pharmacometric item response theory (IRT) models is predominantly performed using the Laplace estimation algorithm as implemented in NONMEM. In psychometrics a wide range of different software tools, including…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-18 Leticia Arrington , Sebastian Ueckert

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

Robust validation of Machine Learning (ML) models is essential, but traditional data partitioning approaches often ignore the intrinsic quality of each instance. This study proposes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) parameters to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro Filho , Ricardo Prudêncio , Regiane Kawasaki , Ronnie Alves
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