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It is argued that the observation of anisotropic azimuthal distribution of final state particles alone is insufficient to show whether the formed matter at RHIC behaves like hydrodynamic flow. Examining the intrinsic interaction (or…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-04-21 Wang Meijuan , Liu Lianshou , Wu Yuanfang

The observation of seeming hydrodynamic-like behavior in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions presents us with the conceptual problem of how the initial state of such a hydrodynamic evolution should be characterized. This is an issue…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-11-07 Gabriel Rabelo-Soares , Gojko Vujanovic , Giorgio Torrieri

In heavy ion collisions, event-by-event fluctuations in participating nucleon positions can lead to triangular flow. With fluctuating initial conditions, flow coefficients will also fluctuate. In a hydrodynamic model, we study the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-30 A. K. Chaudhuri

Event-by-event hydrodynamics (or hydrodynamics with fluctuating initial conditions) has been developed in the past few years. Here we discuss how it may help to understand the various structures observed in two-particle correlations.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-03-17 R. P. G. Andrade , F. Grassi , Y. Hama , W. -L. Qian

The effects of event-by-event fluctuations in the initial geometry of the colliding nuclei are important in the analysis of final flow observables in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We use hydrodynamic simulations to study the amplitude…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-14 Jing Qian , Ulrich Heinz

Viscous hydrodynamics gives a satisfactory description of the transverse momentum spectra, of the elliptic and triangular flow, and of the femtoscopic correlations for particles produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. On general…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-05-08 Piotr Bozek , Wojciech Broniowski , Giorgio Torrieri

We use continuum simulations to study the impact of anisotropic hydrodynamic friction on the emergent flows of active nematics. We show that, depending on whether the active particles align with or tumble in their collectively self-induced…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-03-16 Kristian Thijssen , Luuk Metselaar , Julia M. Yeomans , Amin Doostmohammadi

Relativistic nuclear collisions data on two-particle correlations exhibit structures as function of relative azimuthal angle and rapidity. A unified description of these near-side and away-side structures is proposed for low to moderate…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-19 Rone Peterson G. Andrade , Frederique Grassi , Yogiro Hama , Wei-Liang Qian

Self-propelled microparticles create flow fields that determine how they interact with surfaces, external flows, and each other. These flow fields fall into distinct classes--pushers, pullers, and neutral swimmers--each exhibiting…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-12-25 Lisa Rohde , Gordei Anchutkin , Viktor Holubec , Frank Cichos

We use a hydrodynamic model to study the space-time evolution transverse to the beam direction in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions with nonzero impact parameters. We focus on the influence of early pressure on the development of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-10-09 P. F. Kolb , J. Sollfrank , P. V. Ruuskanen , U. Heinz

State-of-the-art hydrodynamic models of heavy-ion collisions have considerable theoretical model uncertainties in the description of the very early pre-hydrodynamic stage. We add a new computational module, K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso, that describes…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-07-13 Dananjaya Liyanage , Derek Everett , Chandrodoy Chattopadhyay , Ulrich Heinz

In this work we study the connection between anisotropic flows and lumpy initial conditions for Au+Au collisions at 200GeV. We present comparisons between anisotropic flow coefficients and eccentricities up to sixth order, and between…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-30 Fernando G. Gardim , Yogiro Hama , Frederique Grassi

We generalize the derivation of viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics from kinetic theory to allow for non-zero particle masses. The macroscopic theory is obtained by taking moments of the Boltzmann equation after expanding the distribution…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-03-26 Dennis Bazow , Ulrich W. Heinz , Mauricio Martinez

The analysis of anisotropic flow of particles created in high energy heavy-ion collisions gives insight into the early stage of these reactions. Measurements of directed flow (v1), elliptic flow (v2) and flow of 4th and 6th order (v4 and…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-14 Markus D. Oldenburg

One of the many peculiar properties of water is the pronounced deviation of the proton momentum distribution from Maxwell-Boltzmann behaviour. This deviation from the classical limit is a manifestation of the quantum mechanical nature of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-05-04 Venkat Kapil , Alice Cuzzocrea , Michele Ceriotti

Non-conformal attractor behavior is studied by solving non-conformal second order viscous hydrodynamics with respect to boost-invariant plasmas. Numerical solutions of the relative decay rate of the enthalpy density, the inverse shear and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-03-14 Zenan Chen , Li Yan

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of exchanging initial condition models in a modular hybrid approach. The focus lies on the event-by-event correlations of elliptic and triangular flow. This study is performed in the hybrid…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-12-11 Niklas Götz , Lucas Constantin , Hannah Elfner

Relativistic hydrodynamics has been extensively applied to high energy heavy-ion collisions. We review hydrodynamic calculations for Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies and provide a comprehensive comparison between the model and experimental…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter F. Kolb , Ulrich Heinz

Continuum mechanics (e.g., hydrodynamics, elasticity theory) is based on the assumption that a small set of fields provides a closed description on large space and time scales. Conditions governing the choice for these fields are discussed…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-03-22 James W. Dufty , J. Javier Brey

Recently formulated model of highly-anisotropic and strongly dissipative hydrodynamics is used in 3+1 dimensions to study behavior of matter produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We search for possible effects of the initial…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-06-22 Radoslaw Ryblewski , Wojciech Florkowski