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A diagonalizable non-Hermitian Hamiltonian having a real spectrum may be used to define a unitary quantum system, if one modifies the inner product of the Hilbert space properly. We give a comprehensive and essentially self-contained review…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Ali Mostafazadeh

Two non-Hermitian PT-symmetric Hamiltonian systems are reconsidered by means of the algebraic method which was originally proposed for the pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems rather than for the PT-symmetric ones. Compared with the way…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-17 Jun-Qing Li , Qian Li , Yan-Gang Miao

The increasingly popular concept of a hidden Hermiticity of operators (i.e., of their Hermiticity with respect to an {\it ad hoc} inner product in Hilbert space) is compared with the recently introduced notion of {\em non-linear…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-01-16 Fabio Bagarello , Miloslav Znojil

Most recently it has been observed e.g. by Bender and Klevansky (arXiv:0905.4673 [hep-th]) that the C-operator related to a PT-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamilton operator is not unique. Moreover it has been remarked by Shi and Sun…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-06-09 F. Kleefeld

We survey some of the main conceptual developments in the study of PT-symmetric and pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian operators that have taken place during the past ten years or so. We offer a precise mathematical description of a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 Ali Mostafazadeh

Position deformation of a Heisenberg algebra and Hilbert space representation of both maximal length and minimal momentum uncertainties may lead to loss of Hermiticity of some operators that generate this algebra. Consequently, the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Thomas Katsekpor , Latévi M. Lawson , Prince K. Osei , Ibrahim Nonkané

Unitarity is a cornerstone of quantum theory, ensuring the conservation of probability and information. Although non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are typically associated with open or dissipative systems, pseudo-Hermitian quantum mechanics shows…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-03 Ruifeng Leng , Cheng-Yang Lee , Siyi Zhou

Quasi-Hermitian quantum systems, including $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric ones, can be mapped to equivalent Hermitian systems via a similarity transformation that redefines the inner product with a positive-definite metric operator. Although an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Ming-Zhang Wang , Xu-Yang Hou , Hao Guo

We give canonical forms of selfadjoint and isometric operators on a complex vector space $U$ with scalar product given by a positive semidefinite Hermitian form, and of Hermitian forms on $U$. For an arbitrary system of semiunitary spaces…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-29 Victor A. Bovdi , Tetiana Klymchuk , Tetiana Rybalkina , Mohamed A. Salim , Vladimir V. Sergeichuk

The gravitational path integral suggests a striking result: the Hilbert space of closed universes in each superselection sector, a so-called $\alpha$-sector, is one-dimensional. We develop an abstract formalism encapsulating recent…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-04 Hong Zhe Chen

Metrics and pseudometrics are defined on the group of unitary operators in a Hilbert space. Several explicit formulas are derived. A special feature of the work is investigation of pseudometrics in unitary groups. The rich classes of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-26 Manas K Patra

Our main theorem is in the generality of the axioms of Hilbert space, and the theory of unbounded operators. Consider two Hilbert spaces such that their intersection contains a fixed vector space D. It is of interest to make a precise…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-01-19 Palle Jorgensen , Erin Pearse , Feng Tian

In this paper we introduce a generalization of Hilbert C-modules which are pre- Finsler module namely C-semi-inner product spaces. Some properties and results of such spaces are investigated, specially the orthogonality in these spaces will…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2013-09-06 Saeedeh Shamsi Gamchi , Mohammad Janfada , Asadollah Niknam

$\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quantum mechanics has been considered an important theoretical framework for understanding physical phenomena in $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric systems, with a number of $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry related applications. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-25 Da-Jian Zhang , Qing-hai Wang , Jiangbin Gong

The main goal of this paper is to present new bounds for certain inner products in Hilbert spaces, with applications to the numerical radius and the operator norm. The obtained results significantly improve earlier results in this…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Mohammad Sababheh , Hamid Reza Moradi

We develop a duality theory for unbounded Hermitian operators with dense domain in Hilbert space. As is known, the obstruction for a Hermitian operator to be selfadjoint or to have selfadjoint extensions is measured by a pair of deficiency…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-04-13 Palle E. T. Jorgensen

We consider a Hilbert space that is a product of a finite number of Hilbert spaces and operators that are represented by "componental operators" acting on the Hilbert spaces that form the product space. We attribute operatorial properties…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-30 Andrzej Cegielski , Yair Censor

Semi-cosimplicial objects in the category of Hilbert spaces with isometries which are motivated by non-commutative probability theory, in particular by the distributional symmetry of spreadability, are introduced and systematically…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2026-03-31 D. Gwion Evans , Rolf Gohm , Claus Köstler

This paper is a sequel to [6]. In that paper we transferred the discussions in [1] and [13] concerning almost invariant half-spaces for operators on complex Banach spaces to the context of operators on Hilbert space, and we gave easier…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-10-30 Il Bong Jung , Eungil Ko , Carl Pearcy

We introduce a very simple, exactly solvable PT-symmetric non-Hermitian model with real spectrum, and derive a closed formula for the metric operator which relates the problem to a Hermitian one.

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 D. Krejcirik , H. Bila , M. Znojil