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I review the information loss paradox that was first formulated by Hawking, and discuss possible ways of resolving it. All proposed solutions have serious drawbacks. I conclude that the information loss paradox may well presage a revolution…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 John Preskill

The evaporation of black holes into apparently thermal radiation poses a serious conundrum for theoretical physics: at face value, it appears that in the presence of a black hole quantum evolution is non-unitary and destroys information.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-07-11 Vijay Balasubramanian , Bartlomiej Czech

Black holes have been implicated in two paradoxes that involve apparently non-unitary dynamics. According to Hawking's theory, information that is absorbed by a black hole is destroyed, and the originally pure state of a black hole is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-09 Christoph Adami

The supposed information paradox for black holes is based on the fundamental misunderstanding that black holes are usefully defined by event horizons. Understood in terms of locally defined trapping horizons, the paradox disappears:…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Sean A. Hayward

It is sometimes believed that small quantum gravity corrections to the Hawking radiation process can encode the correlations required to solve the black hole information paradox. Recently an inequality on the entanglement entropy of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-20 Samir D. Mathur

The black-hole information paradox has fueled a fascinating effort to reconcile the predictions of general relativity and those of quantum mechanics. Gravitational considerations teach us that black holes must trap everything that falls…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-07 Samuel L. Braunstein , Hans-Jürgen Sommers , Karol Życzkowski

Since Hawking's 1974 discovery, we expect that a black hole formed by collapse will emit radiation and eventually disappear. Closely related to the information loss puzzle is the challenge to define an objective notion of physical entropy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-03-31 Bernard S. Kay

Many relativists have been long convinced that black hole evaporation leads to information loss or remnants. String theorists have however not been too worried about the issue, largely due to a belief that the Hawking argument for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-03 Samir D. Mathur

In this invited review, we discuss the evaporation of a black hole, with emphasis on the resulting macroscopically distinct patterns of Hawking radiation. The density matrix of this radiation can approach a pure final state in the form of a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-12-19 Xavier Calmet , Stephen D. H. Hsu

We give general overview of a novel approach, recently developed by us, to address the issue black hole information paradox. This alternative viewpoint is based on theories involving modifications of standard quantum theory, known as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-30 Sujoy K. Modak , Daniel Sudarsky

We provide a pedagogical introduction to the concepts underlying black hole information loss, intended for readers familiar with special relativity and quantum mechanics. We emphasize that there is no paradox of information loss, and that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-04 Thiago T. Bergamaschi

Using standard statistical method, we discover the existence of correlations among Hawking radiations (of tunneled particles) from a black hole. The information carried by such correlations is quantified by mutual information between…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-03-28 Baocheng Zhang , Qing-yu Cai , Li You , M S Zhan

We study information retrieval from evaporating black holes, assuming that the internal dynamics of a black hole is unitary and rapidly mixing, and assuming that the retriever has unlimited control over the emitted Hawking radiation. If the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-04-03 Patrick Hayden , John Preskill

This article explains the resolution to the Hawking information loss paradox within the framework of the black-to-white hole scenario.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-06 Pierre Martin-Dussaud

We generally consider that entropy and temperature of a spherically symmetric black hole are corrected by quantum effect. We calculate interior entropy variation of massless scalar field and compare it with corrected Bekenstein-Hawking…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-12-10 Ming Zhang

In this paper, we analyze whether quantum correlations between successive steps of evaporation can open any way to resolve the black hole information paradox. Recently a celebrated result in literature shows that `small' correction to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-18 Avik Roy , Moinul Hossain Rahat , Mishkat Al Alvi , Md. Abdul Matin

Suppose a black hole forms from a pure quantum state $\ket{\psi}$. The black hole information loss paradox arises from semiclassical arguments suggesting that, even in a closed system, the process of black hole formation and evaporation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-15 Kiran Adhikari

This paper investigates the information loss paradox in the WKB/tunneling picture of Hawking radiation. In the tunneling picture one can obtain the tunneling amplitude to all orders in $\hbar$. However all terms beyond the lowest,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-01-17 Douglas Singleton , Elias C. Vagenas , Tao Zhu , Ji-Rong Ren

The information loss paradox is widely regarded as one of the biggest open problems in theoretical physics. Several classical and quantum features must be present to enable its formulation. First, an event horizon is needed to justify the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-20 Robert B. Mann , Sebastian Murk , Daniel R. Terno

It was found in [Phys.Lett.B 675 (2009) 98] that information is conserved in the process of black hole evaporation, by using the tunneling formulism and considering the correlations between emitted particles. In this Letter, we shall…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 Yi-Xin Chen , Kai-Nan Shao