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Advanced test-time computing strategies are essential for scaling reasoning models, but their effectiveness is capped by the models' poor self-evaluation. We propose a pairwise Explanatory Verifier, trained via reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Anisha Garg , Engin Tekin , Yash More , David Bick , Nishit Neema , Ganesh Venkatesh

The regular separability problem asks, for two given languages, if there exists a regular language including one of them but disjoint from the other. Our main result is decidability, and PSpace-completeness, of the regular separability…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wojciech Czerwiński , Sławomir Lasota

Automated reasoning about uncertain knowledge has many applications. One difficulty when developing such systems is the lack of a completely satisfactory integration of logic and probability. We address this problem directly. Expressive…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-09-13 Marcus Hutter , John W. Lloyd , Kee Siong Ng , William T. B. Uther

We study the membership problem to context-free languages L (CFLs) on probabilistic words, that specify for each position a probability distribution on the letters (assuming independence across positions). Our task is to compute, given a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Antoine Amarilli , Mikaël Monet , Paul Raphaël , Sylvain Salvati

The key limitation of the verification performance lies in the ability of error detection. With this intuition we designed several variants of pessimistic verification, which are simple workflows that could significantly improve the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yanxing Huang , Zihan Tang , Zejin Lin , Peng Li , Yang Liu

We consider the binary hypothesis testing problem with two observers. There are two possible states of nature (or hypotheses). Observations collected by the two observers are statistically related to the true state of nature. The knowledge…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Aneesh Raghavan , John S. Baras

The Possible-Winner problem asks, given an election where the voters' preferences over the set of candidates is partially specified, whether a distinguished candidate can become a winner. In this work, we consider the computational…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Batya Kenig

We introduce a model of one-way language acceptors (a variant of a checking stack automaton) and show the following decidability properties: (1) The deterministic version has a decidable membership problem but has an undecidable emptiness…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Oscar H. Ibarra , Ian McQuillan

We investigate the decidability of model-checking logics of time, knowledge and probability, with respect to two epistemic semantics: the clock and synchronous perfect recall semantics in partially observed discrete-time Markov chains.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-11 Ron van der Meyden , Manas K. Patra

A two-terminal distributed binary hypothesis testing problem over a noisy channel is studied. The two terminals, called the observer and the decision maker, each has access to $n$ independent and identically distributed samples, denoted by…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-02-07 Sreejith Sreekumar , Deniz Gündüz

The termination behavior of probabilistic programs depends on the outcomes of random assignments. Almost sure termination (AST) is concerned with the question whether a program terminates with probability one on all possible inputs.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Marcel Moosbrugger , Ezio Bartocci , Joost-Pieter Katoen , Laura Kovács

The use of language-model-based question-answering systems to aid humans in completing difficult tasks is limited, in part, by the unreliability of the text these systems generate. Using hard multiple-choice reading comprehension questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Alicia Parrish , Harsh Trivedi , Nikita Nangia , Vishakh Padmakumar , Jason Phang , Amanpreet Singh Saimbhi , Samuel R. Bowman

It is undecidable whether the language recognized by a probabilistic finite automaton is empty. Several other undecidability results, in particular regarding problems about matrix products, are based on this important theorem. We present…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Günter Rote

Deciding termination is a fundamental problem in the analysis of probabilistic imperative programs. We consider the qualitative and quantitative probabilistic termination problems for an imperative programming model with discrete…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Rupak Majumdar , V. R. Sathiyanarayana

Probabilistic argumentation allows reasoning about argumentation problems in a way that is well-founded by probability theory. However, in practice, this approach can be severely limited by the fact that probabilities are defined by adding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Nico Potyka

Probabilistic epistemic argumentation allows for reasoning about argumentation problems in a way that is well founded by probability theory. Epistemic states are represented by probability functions over possible worlds and can be adjusted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Nico Potyka , Sylwia Polberg , Anthony Hunter

We show that any language in nondeterministic time $\exp(\exp(\cdots \exp(n)))$, where the number of iterated exponentials is an arbitrary function $R(n)$, can be decided by a multiprover interactive proof system with a classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-01 Joseph Fitzsimons , Zhengfeng Ji , Thomas Vidick , Henry Yuen

We investigate the decidability of model-checking logics of time, knowledge and probability, with respect to two epistemic semantics: the clock and synchronous perfect recall semantics in partially observed discrete-time Markov chains.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-06-29 R van der Meyden , M K Patra

This paper studies quantum refereed games, which are quantum interactive proof systems with two competing provers: one that tries to convince the verifier to accept and the other that tries to convince the verifier to reject. We prove that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-10-16 Gus Gutoski , John Watrous

Probabilistic programming languages rely fundamentally on some notion of sampling, and this is doubly true for probabilistic programming languages which perform Bayesian inference using Monte Carlo techniques. Verifying samplers - proving…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Fredrik Dahlqvist , Alexandra Silva , William Smith