Related papers: Difference between three quantities
There are two distinct definitions of 'P-value' for evaluating a proposed hypothesis or model for the process generating an observed dataset. The original definition starts with a measure of the divergence of the dataset from what was…
This paper argues that, insofar as we doubt the bivalence of the Continuum Hypothesis or the truth of the Axiom of Choice, we should also doubt the consistency of third-order arithmetic, both the classical and intuitionistic versions.…
Relativity and quantum mechanics are generalized by considering a finite limit for the smallest measurable distance. The value a of this quantum of length is unknown, but it is a universal constant, like c and h. It depends on the total…
Bell's inequalities can be understood in three different ways depending on whether the numbers featuring in the inequalities are interpreted as classical probabilities, classical conditional probabilities, or quantum probabilities. In the…
The complementary wave and particle character of quantum objects (or quantons) was pointed out by Niels Bohr. This wave-particle duality, in the context of the two-slit experiment, is now described not just as two extreme cases of wave and…
Binomial coefficients have been used for centuries in a variety of fields and have accumulated numerous definitions. In this paper, we introduce a new way of defining binomial coefficients as repeated sums of ones. A multitude of binomial…
Motivated by applications in databases, this paper considers various fragments of the calculus of binary relations. The fragments are obtained by leaving out, or keeping in, some of the standard operators, along with some derived operators…
We invent the notion of a {\it dimension of a variety} $V$ as the cardinality of all its proper {\it derived} subvarieties (of the same type). The dimensions of varieties of lattices, varieties of regular bands and other general algebraic…
A variety is a class of algebraic structures axiomatized by a set of equations. An equation is linear if there is at most one occurrence of an operation symbol on each side. We show that a variety axiomatized by linear equations has the…
We study the properties of the third order sequence $(w_n)=\left(w_n(a,b,c; r, s,t)\right)$ defined by the recurrence relation $w_n = rw_{n - 1} + sw_{n - 2} + tw_{n - 3}\, (n \ge 3)$ with $w_0 = a,\,w_1 = b,\,w_2=c$, where $a$, $b$, $c$,…
A critical value of a function is the value of this function at one of its critical points. Each critical point of a differentiable multivariate function is described by the equations which consist in equating to zero all of its partial…
Expressions for variables of the center of mass and relative motions for two-body system with different and equal masses in three-dimensional spaces of constant curvature are introduced in the terms of biquaternions. The problem of the…
Uncertainty relations provide fundamental limits on what can be said about the properties of quantum systems. For a quantum particle, the commutation relation of position and momentum observables entails Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A…
Physical quantities and physical dimensions are among the first concepts encountered by students in their undergraduate career. In this pedagogical review, I will start from these concepts and, using the powerful tool of dimensional…
The results here presented are a continuation of the algebraic research line which attempts to find properties of multiple-valued systems based on a poset of two agents. The aim of this paper is to exhibit two relationships between some…
We discuss the inequalities for $q$-integrals because of the fact that the inequalities can be very useful in the future mathematical research. Since $q$-integral of a function over an interval $[a,b]$ is defined by the difference of two…
Quantum theory's irreducible empirical core is a probability calculus. While it presupposes the events to which (and on the basis of which) it serves to assign probabilities, and therefore cannot account for their occurrence, it has to be…
Handling substance-like physical quantities in the limits of special relativity theory we should make a net distinction between those which present a proper (rest) magnitude and those which have not. We show how the theory relates them via…
The Bell inequalities in three and four correlations are re-derived in general forms showing that three and four data sets, respectively, identically satisfy them regardless of whether they are random, deterministic, measured, predicted, or…
An $(a,b)$-difference necklace of length $n$ is a circular arrangement of the integers $0, 1, 2, \ldots , n-1$ such that any two neighbours have absolute difference $a$ or $b$. We prove that, subject to certain conditions on $a$ and $b$,…