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This paper summarizes our work on experimentally analyzing, exploiting, and addressing vulnerabilities in multi-level cell NAND flash memory programming, which was published in the industrial session of HPCA 2017, and examines the work's…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Yu Cai , Saugata Ghose , Yixin Luo , Ken Mai , Onur Mutlu , Erich F. Haratsch

Recently, flash memories have become a competitive solution for mass storage. The flash memories have rather different properties compared with the rotary hard drives. That is, the writing of flash memories is constrained, and flash…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Xudong Ma

Lengthening a computer memory's lifespan is important for e-waste and sustainability. Uneven wear of memory is a major barrier. The problem is becoming even more urgent as emerging memory such as phase-change memory is subject to even…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Elizabeth Shen , Huiyang Zhou

In recent years, researchers have explored use of non-volatile devices such as STT-RAM (spin torque transfer RAM) for designing on-chip caches, since they provide high density and consume low leakage power. A common limitation of all…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2013-11-01 Sparsh Mittal

NVMe Flash-based SSDs are widely deployed in data centers to cache working sets of large-scale web services. As data centers face increasing sustainability demands, such as reduced carbon emissions, efficient management of Flash…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Michael Allison , Arun George , Javier Gonzalez , Dan Helmick , Vikash Kumar , Roshan Nair , Vivek Shah

Modern storage systems predominantly use flash-based SSDs as a cache layer due to their favorable performance and cost efficiency. However, in tiny-object workloads, existing flash cache designs still suffer from high write amplification.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xufeng Yang , Tingting Tan , Jingxin Hu , Congming Gao , Mingyang Liu , Tianyang Jiang , Jian Chen , Linbo Long , Yina Lv , Jiwu Shu

This work investigates a new erase scheme in NAND flash memory to improve the lifetime and performance of modern solid-state drives (SSDs). In NAND flash memory, an erase operation applies a high voltage (e.g., > 20 V) to flash cells for a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Sungjun Cho , Beomjun Kim , Hyunuk Cho , Gyeongseob Seo , Onur Mutlu , Myungsuk Kim , Jisung Park

In modern solid-state drives (SSDs), the indexing of flash pages is a critical component in their storage controllers. It not only affects the data access performance, but also determines the efficiency of the precious in-device DRAM…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Jinghan Sun , Shaobo Li , Yunxin Sun , Chao Sun , Dejan Vucinic , Jian Huang

Caching is crucial for enabling high-throughput networks for data intensive applications. Traditional caching technology relies on DRAM, as it can transfer data at a high rate. However, DRAM capacity is subject to contention by most system…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Faruk Volkan Mutlu , Edmund Yeh

With data durability, high access speed, low power efficiency and byte addressability, NVMe and SSD, which are acknowledged representatives of emerging storage technologies, have been applied broadly in many areas. However, one key issue…

Performance · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Nan Wu , Pengcheng Li

SRAM-based cache memory faces several scalability limitations in deep nanoscale technologies, e.g., high leakage current, low cell stability, and low density. Emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies have received lots of attention…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Elham Cheshmikhani , Fateme Shokouhinia , Hamed Farbeh

Current portable memory device relies heavily on flash memory technology for its implementation. New generation of non-volatile memory is likely to replace floating gates, charge-trapping memory currently still suffering from inadequate…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-03-27 Yifan Hu

The NAND flash memory channel is corrupted by different types of noises, such as the data retention noise and the wear-out noise, which lead to unknown channel offset and make the flash memory channel non-stationary. In the literature,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhen Mei , Kui Cai , Long Shi , Jun Li , Li Chen , Kees A. Schouhamer Immink

As memory capacity has outstripped TLB coverage, large data applications suffer from frequent page table walks. We investigate two complementary techniques for addressing this cost: reducing the number of accesses required and reducing the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Chang Hyun Park , Ilias Vougioukas , Andreas Sandberg , David Black-Schaffer

The current mobile applications have rapidly growing memory footprints, posing a great challenge for memory system design. Insufficient DRAM main memory will incur frequent data swaps between memory and storage, a process that hurts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Fei Wen , Mian Qin , Paul Gratz , Narasimha Reddy

The rapid development of multi-core system and increase of data-intensive application in recent years call for larger main memory. Traditional DRAM memory can increase its capacity by reducing the feature size of storage cell. Now further…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-06-13 Shenchen Ruan , Haixia Wang , Dongsheng Wang

Considering the current price gap between disk and flash memory drives, for applications dealing with large scale data, it will be economically more sensible to use flash memory drives to supplement disk drives rather than to replace them.…

Databases · Computer Science 2012-08-02 Woon-Hak Kang , Sang-Won Lee , Bongki Moon

As consumers are increasingly engaged in social networking and E-commerce activities, businesses grow to rely on Big Data analytics for intelligence, and traditional IT infrastructures continue to migrate to the cloud and edge, these trends…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Vaneet Aggarwal , Tian Lan

Solid-state storage architectures based on NAND or emerging memory devices (SSD), are fundamentally architected and optimized for both reliability and performance. Achieving these simultaneous goals requires co-design of memory components…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jay Sarkar , Vamsi Pavan Rayaprolu , Abhijeet Bhalerao

Flash memory is widely used as the secondary storage in lightweight computing devices due to its outstanding advantages over magnetic disks. Flash memory has many access characteristics different from those of magnetic disks, and how to…

Databases · Computer Science 2010-01-22 Yi-Reun Kim , Kyu-Young Whang , Il-Yeol Song