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The $k$-Means clustering problem on $n$ points is NP-Hard for any dimension $d\ge 2$, however, for the 1D case there exists exact polynomial time algorithms. Previous literature reported an $O(kn^2)$ time dynamic programming algorithm that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Allan Grønlund , Kasper Green Larsen , Alexander Mathiasen , Jesper Sindahl Nielsen , Stefan Schneider , Mingzhou Song

We present an approach to clustering time series data using a model-based generalization of the K-Means algorithm which we call K-Models. We prove the convergence of this general algorithm and relate it to the hard-EM algorithm for mixture…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-04 Derek O. Hoare , David S. Matteson , Martin T. Wells

Due to their conceptual simplicity, k-means algorithm variants have been extensively used for unsupervised cluster analysis. However, one main shortcoming of these algorithms is that they essentially fit a mixture of identical spherical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Raphael Araujo Sampaio , Joaquim Dias Garcia , Marcus Poggi , Thibaut Vidal

Clustering is widely used in different field such as biology, psychology, and economics. Most traditional clustering algorithms are limited to handling datasets that contain either numeric or categorical attributes. However, datasets with…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Trupti M. Kodinariya Dr. Prashant R. Makwana

Center-based clustering has attracted significant research interest from both theory and practice. In many practical applications, input data often contain background knowledge that can be used to improve clustering results. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Longkun Guo , Chaoqi Jia , Kewen Liao , Zhigang Lu , Minhui Xue

The classical $k$-means algorithm for partitioning $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $k$ clusters is one of the most popular and widely spread clustering methods. The need to respect prescribed lower bounds on the cluster sizes has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-04 Steffen Borgwardt , Andreas Brieden , Peter Gritzmann

Clustering is one of the most important tools for analysis of large datasets, and perhaps the most popular clustering algorithm is Lloyd's algorithm for $k$-means. This algorithm takes $n$ vectors $V=[v_1,\dots,v_n]\in\mathbb{R}^{d\times…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-18 Arjan Cornelissen , Joao F. Doriguello , Alessandro Luongo , Ewin Tang

For very large values of $k$, we consider methods for fast $k$-means clustering of massive datasets with $10^7\sim10^9$ points in high-dimensions ($d\geq100$). All current practical methods for this problem have runtimes at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jack Spalding-Jamieson , Eliot Wong Robson , Da Wei Zheng

Clustering is one of the most fundamental and wide-spread techniques in exploratory data analysis. Yet, the basic approach to clustering has not really changed: a practitioner hand-picks a task-specific clustering loss to optimize and fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Yibo Jiang , Nakul Verma

The learning of mixture models can be viewed as a clustering problem. Indeed, given data samples independently generated from a mixture of distributions, we often would like to find the {\it correct target clustering} of the samples…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-26 Zhaoqiang Liu , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Clustering analysis has received considerable attention in spatial data mining for several years. With the rapid development of the geospatial information technologies, the size of spatial information data is growing exponentially which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-08-25 Xia Yue , Wang Man , Jun Yue , Guangcao Liu

In sensor networks, it is not always practical to set up a fusion center. Therefore, there is need for fully decentralized clustering algorithms. Decentralized clustering algorithms should minimize the amount of data exchanged between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-13 Elsa Dupraz , Dominique Pastor , François-Xavier Socheleau

Clustering is often used for discovering structure in data. Clustering systems differ in the objective function used to evaluate clustering quality and the control strategy used to search the space of clusterings. Ideally, the search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-17 D. Fisher

K-means defines one of the most employed centroid-based clustering algorithms with performances tied to the data's embedding. Intricate data embeddings have been designed to push $K$-means performances at the cost of reduced theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Romain Cosentino , Randall Balestriero , Yanis Bahroun , Anirvan Sengupta , Richard Baraniuk , Behnaam Aazhang

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a commonly used method for finding the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in a mixture model via coordinate ascent. A serious pitfall with the algorithm is that in the case of…

Computation · Statistics 2018-08-31 Adrian O'Hagan , Arthur White

This paper addresses the limitations of conventional vector quantization algorithms, particularly K-Means and its variant K-Means++, and investigates the Stochastic Quantization (SQ) algorithm as a scalable alternative for high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Anton Kozyriev , Vladimir Norkin

The initial centroid is a fairly challenging problem in the k-means method because it can affect the clustering results. In addition, choosing the starting centroid of the cluster is not always appropriate, especially, when the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Ahmad Ilham , Danny Ibrahim , Luqman Assaffat , Achmad Solichan

This work proposes a clusterization algorithm called k-Morphological Sets (k-MS), based on morphological reconstruction and heuristics. k-MS is faster than the CPU-parallel k-Means in worst case scenarios and produces enhanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 É. O. Rodrigues , L. Torok , P. Liatsis , J. Viterbo , A. Conci

There has been considerable work on improving popular clustering algorithm `K-means' in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and speed, both. However, most of the k-means variants tend to compute distance of each data point to each cluster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-18 Siddhesh Khandelwal , Amit Awekar

Data mining focuses on discovering interesting, non-trivial and meaningful information from large datasets. Data clustering is one of the unsupervised and descriptive data mining task which group data based on similarity features and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Pitawelayalage Dasun Dileepa Pitawela , Gamage Upeksha Ganegoda