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A particular science is not only defined by its object of study, but also by the point of view and method under which it considers that same object. Taking space and time as an illustrative example, our main aim here is to bring out an…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-05-09 Mauricio Mondragon , Luis Lopez

The paper discusses the problem of demarcation between the dimensions of natural and the human sciences in contemporary cosmology. In spite of a common presumption that cosmology is a natural science, the specificity of its alleged subject…

General Physics · Physics 2011-02-16 Alexei V. Nesteruk

I offer an analysis of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and its relevancy for the scientific endeavour. I submit that the world is not, and cannot be, rational - only some brained beings are. The Principle of Sufficient Reason is not a…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2014-10-16 Gustavo E. Romero

What science does, what science could do, and how to make science work? If we want to know the answers to these questions, we need to be able to uncover the mechanisms of science, going beyond metrics that are easily collectible and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-04-12 Lingfei Wu , Aniket Kittur , Hyejin Youn , Staša Milojević , Erin Leahey , Stephen M. Fiore , Yong Yeol Ahn

Existing physical theories do not predict every feature of our experience but only certain regularities of that experience. That difference between what could be observed and what can be predicted is one kind of limit on scientific…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 James B. Hartle

Despite the extraordinary successes the two great bastions of $20^{th}$ century science (Quantum Theory and General Relativity) are troubled with serious conceptual and mathematical difficulties. As a result, further growth of fundamental…

Popular Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Bhag C. Chauhan

This is the first of a series of papers that we intend to publish about the epistemology of fundamental physics in its current state. One of the main objectives of these papers is to improve our understanding of fundamental physics (and…

Popular Physics · Physics 2024-10-02 Taha Sochi

Since I first became enthralled with physics as a teenager, I've been intrigued by the philosophical aspects of the discipline. As I approached the end of my career as an experimental physicist and observational astronomer (I'm now…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-05-20 Stephen Boughn

Most scientists would hold that science has not established that the cosmos is physically comprehensible - i.e. such that there is some as-yet undiscovered true physical theory of everything that is unified. This is an empirically…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-10-08 Nicholas Maxwell

This paper proposes a new definition of science based on the distinction between the activity of scientists and the product of that activity: the former is denoted (lower-case) science and the latter (upper-case) Science. These definitions…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2017-04-07 P C Hohenberg

We discuss the nature and a general formulation of the relativity principle and we show that it can be justified starting from a strictly operational point of view. We give some remark on the connection with the spacetime symmetry groups.…

Classical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Toller

This article describes epistemological distinctions between science and history. Science investigates models of natural law using repeatable experiments as the ultimate arbiter. In contrast, history investigates past events by considering…

General Physics · Physics 2008-04-01 Michael Courtney , Amy Courtney

This short paper compiles the big ideas behind some philosophical views, definitions, and examples of causality. This collection spans the realms of the four commonly adopted approaches to causality: Humes regularity, counterfactual,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 M. Z. Naser

In this paper, we reject commonly accepted views on fundamentality in science, either based on bottom-up construction or top-down reduction to isolate the alleged fundamental entities. We do not introduce any new scientific methodology, but…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Flavio Del Santo , Chiara Cardelli

Traditional cognitive science rests on a foundation of classical logic and probability theory. This foundation has been seriously challenged by several findings in experimental psychology on human decision making. Meanwhile, the formalism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-31 Diederik Aerts , Sandro Sozzo , Tomas Veloz

Philosophers of science commonly connect ontology and science, stating that these disciplines maintain a two-way relationship: on the one hand, we can extract ontology from scientific theories; on the other hand, ontology provides the…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-04-24 Raoni Arroyo , Jonas R. Becker Arenhart

We discuss the problems of consensus and unity in science. The natural sciences seem to contrast with many other areas of endeavor in that a high level of consensus seems to exist in them. However, a careful analysis of the structure of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2011-11-01 David A. Edwards , Stephen Wilcox

Theoretical physics is the search for simple and universal mathematical descriptions of the natural world. In contrast, much of modern biology is an exploration of the complexity and diversity of life. For many, this contrast is prima facie…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 William Bialek

Some thoughts are presented on the inter-relation between beauty and truth in science in general and theoretical physics in particular. Some conjectural procedures that can be used to create new ideas, concepts and results are illustrated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 Constantino Tsallis

Perhaps more than any other of the physical sciences, cosmology exemplifies the inevitable contact between science and philosophy, including the problem of the demarcation criteria that distinguish science from non-science. Although modern…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-08-28 Helge Kragh