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Estimating discrete games of complete information is often computationally difficult due to partial identification and the absence of closed-form moment characterizations. This paper proposes computationally tractable approaches to…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-02 Paul S. Koh

An algorithm based on backward induction is devised in order to compute the optimal sequence of games to be played in Parrondo games. The algorithm can be used to find the optimal sequence for any finite number of turns or in the steady…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-09-24 L. Dinis

A recent body of experimental literature has studied empirical game-theoretical analysis, in which we have partial knowledge of a game, consisting of observations of a subset of the pure-strategy profiles and their associated payoffs to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-13 John Fearnley , Martin Gairing , Paul Goldberg , Rahul Savani

This paper presents a new lower bound for the discrete strategy improvement algorithm for solving parity games due to Voege and Jurdziski. First, we informally show which structures are difficult to solve for the algorithm. Second, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-01-20 Oliver Friedmann

Deep learning is built on the foundational guarantee that gradient descent on an objective function converges to local minima. Unfortunately, this guarantee fails in settings, such as generative adversarial nets, that exhibit multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Alistair Letcher , David Balduzzi , Sebastien Racaniere , James Martens , Jakob Foerster , Karl Tuyls , Thore Graepel

We pursue the possible connections between classical games and quantum computation. The Parrondo game is one in which a random combination of two losing games produces a winning game. We introduce novel realizations of this Parrondo effect…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Chiu Fan Lee , Neil Johnson

Subtraction is a powerful technique for creating new bijections from old. Let's reinvent it! While we're at it, let's reinvent division as well.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-29 Peter G. Doyle

A finite impartial game is a two-player game in which the players take turns making moves and the game ends after finitely many moves. In this paper, we study a class of finite impartial games introduced by H.~Lenstra, which we call coin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Masao Ishikawa , Toyokazu Ohmoto , Hiroyuki Tagawa , Yoshiki Takayama

This thesis presents some geometric insights into three different types of two player prediction games -- namely general learning task, prediction with expert advice, and online convex optimization. These games differ in the nature of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Parameswaran Kamalaruban

We settle two long-standing complexity-theoretical questions-open since 1981 and 1993-in combinatorial game theory (CGT). We prove that the Grundy value (a.k.a. nim-value, or nimber) of Undirected Geography is PSPACE-complete to compute.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Kyle Burke , Matthew Ferland , Shanghua Teng

With increasing game size, a problem of computational complexity arises. This is especially true in real world problems such as in social systems, where there is a significant population of players involved in the game, and the complexity…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-12 Tatsuya Iwase , Takahiro Shiga

Bridge is a trick-taking card game requiring the ability to evaluate probabilities since it is a game of incomplete information where each player only sees its cards. In order to choose a strategy, a player needs to gather information about…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-23 J Li , S Thepaut , V Ventos

The Gumbel trick is a method to sample from a discrete probability distribution, or to estimate its normalizing partition function. The method relies on repeatedly applying a random perturbation to the distribution in a particular way, each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-14 Matej Balog , Nilesh Tripuraneni , Zoubin Ghahramani , Adrian Weller

Sorting is one of the most used and well investigated algorithmic problem [1]. Traditional postulation supposes the sorting data archived, and the elementary operation as comparisons of two numbers. In a view of appearance of new processors…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-07-22 Hakob Aslanyan

We present a general computation model inspired in the notion of information hiding in software engineering. This model has the form of a game which we call quiz game. It allows in a uniform way to prove exponential lower bounds for several…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2015-12-18 Bernd Bank , Joos Heintz , Guillermo Matera , Jose L. Montana , Luis M. Pardo , Andres Rojas Paredes

Infinite-state games are a commonly used model for the synthesis of reactive systems with unbounded data domains. Symbolic methods for solving such games need to be able to construct intricate arguments to establish the existence of winning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Anne-Kathrin Schmuck , Philippe Heim , Rayna Dimitrova , Satya Prakash Nayak

Given $n$ piles of tokens and a positive integer $k \leq n$, we study the following two impartial combinatorial games Nim$^1_{n, \leq k}$ and Nim$^1_{n, =k}$. In the first (resp. second) game, a player, by one move, chooses at least $1$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-25 Vladimir Gurvich , Nhan Bao Ho

This paper introduces alignment games, a new class of zero-sum games modeling strategic interventions where effectiveness depends on alignment with an underlying hidden state. Motivated by operational problems in medical diagnostics,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-08 Pedro Cesar Lopes Gerum , Thomas Lidbetter

A new combinatorial game is given. It generalizes both Substraction and Nim. It is proved the computation of Nash equilibrium points in this new game is NP-hard.

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chunlei Liu

We study a combinatorial game derived from a problem in the German National Mathematics Competition. In this game, two players take turns removing numbers from a finite set of natural numbers, aiming to satisfy a certain divisibility…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-04 Tim Rammenstein