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This paper introduces a new paradigm for minimax game-tree search algo- rithms. MT is a memory-enhanced version of Pearls Test procedure. By changing the way MT is called, a number of best-first game-tree search algorithms can be simply and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-04-08 Aske Plaat , Jonathan Schaeffer , Wim Pijls , Arie de Bruin

Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a family of sampling-based search algorithms widely used for online planning in sequential decision-making domains and at the heart of many recent advances in artificial intelligence. Understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yiyu Qian , Tim Miller , Zheng Qian , Liyuan Zhao

We examine a type of modified Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) for strategising in combinatorial games. The modifications are derived by analysing simplified strategies and simplified versions of the underlying game and then using the results…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Michael Haythorpe , Alex Newcombe , Damian O'Dea

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has improved the performance of game engines in domains such as Go, Hex, and general game playing. MCTS has been shown to outperform classic alpha-beta search in games where good heuristic evaluations are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-06-23 Marc Lanctot , Mark H. M. Winands , Tom Pepels , Nathan R. Sturtevant

Game tree search algorithms, such as Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), require access to a forward model (or "simulator") of the game at hand. However, in some games such forward model is not readily available. This paper presents three…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-18 Alberto Uriarte , Santiago Ontañón

A commonly used technique for managing AI complexity in real-time strategy (RTS) games is to use action and/or state abstractions. High-level abstractions can often lead to good strategic decision making, but tactical decision quality may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-12 Nicolas A. Barriga , Marius Stanescu , Michael Buro

Traditional search algorithms have issues when applied to games of imperfect information where the number of possible underlying states and trajectories are very large. This challenge is particularly evident in trick-taking card games.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Douglas Rebstock , Christopher Solinas , Nathan R. Sturtevant , Michael Buro

We introduce and study the problem of planning a trajectory for an agent to carry out a scouting mission while avoiding being detected by an adversarial guard. This introduces an adversarial version of classical visibility-based planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Zhongshun Zhang , Yoonchang Sung , Lifeng Zhou , Jonathon M. Smereka , Joseph Lee , Pratap Tokekar

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a powerful approach to designing game-playing bots or solving sequential decision problems. The method relies on intelligent tree search that balances exploration and exploitation. MCTS performs random…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Maciej Świechowski , Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki , Jacek Mańdziuk

Neural network supported tree-search has shown strong results in a variety of perfect information multi-agent tasks. However, the performance of these methods on partial information games has generally been below competing approaches. Here…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ryan Yu , Alex Olshevsky , Peter Chin

Games with large branching factors pose a significant challenge for game tree search algorithms. In this paper, we address this problem with a sampling strategy for Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms called {\em na\"{i}ve sampling},…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Santiago Ontañón

Knuth and Moore presented a theoretical lower bound on the number of leaves that any fixed-depth minimax tree-search algorithm traversing a uniform tree must explore, the so-called minimal tree. Since real-life minimax trees are not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-04-08 Aske Plaat , Jonathan Schaeffer , Wim Pijls , Arie de Bruin

We study Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) in zero-sum extensive-form games with perfect information and simultaneous moves. We present a general template of MCTS algorithms for these games, which can be instantiated by various selection…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-12-16 Viliam Lisý , Vojtěch Kovařík , Marc Lanctot , Branislav Bošanský

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a branch of stochastic modeling that utilizes decision trees for optimization, mostly applied to artificial intelligence (AI) game players. This project imagines a game in which an AI player searches for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Elana Kozak , Scott Hottovy

In the field of Artificial Intelligence, traditional approaches to choosing moves in games involve the we of the minimax algorithm. However, recent research results indicate that minimizing may not always be the best approach. In this paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Dana Nau , Paul Purdom , Chun-Hung Tzeng

The combination of Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and deep reinforcement learning is state-of-the-art in two-player perfect-information games. In this paper, we describe a search algorithm that uses a variant of MCTS which we enhanced by 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Arta Seify , Michael Buro

In recent years, Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) has achieved widespread adoption within the game community. Its use in conjunction with deep reinforcement learning has produced success stories in many applications. While these approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Kimiya Saadat , Richard Zhao

Tackling simulation optimization problems with non-convex objective functions remains a fundamental challenge in operations research. In this paper, we propose a class of random search algorithms, called Regular Tree Search, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Du-Yi Wang , Guo Liang , Guangwu Liu , Kun Zhang

This paper introduces Monte Carlo *-Minimax Search (MCMS), a Monte Carlo search algorithm for turned-based, stochastic, two-player, zero-sum games of perfect information. The algorithm is designed for the class of of densely stochastic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-23 Marc Lanctot , Abdallah Saffidine , Joel Veness , Christopher Archibald , Mark H. M. Winands

Real Time Strategy (RTS) games provide complex domain to test the latest artificial intelligence (AI) research. In much of the literature, AI systems have been limited to playing one game. Although, this specialization has resulted in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-22 Roy Hayes , Peter Beling , William Scherer
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