Related papers: Quantum-like Tests for Contextual Querying
Contextuality, the impossibility of assigning a single random variable to represent the outcomes of the same measurement procedure under different experimental conditions, is a central aspect of quantum mechanics. Thus defined, it appears…
We have constructed and run a Bell test of local realism focusing on the objectivity criterion. The objectivity means that the outcomes are confirmed macroscopically by a few observers at each party. The IBM Quantum and IonQ devices turn…
Intrinsic evaluation metrics for conditional language models, such as perplexity or bits-per-character, are widely used in both mono- and multilingual settings. These metrics are rather straightforward to use and compare in monolingual…
There have been suggestions within the Information Retrieval (IR) community that quantum mechanics (QM) can be used to help formalise the foundations of IR. The invoked connection to QM is mathematical rather than physical. The proposed…
Since 2004, researchers have been using the mathematical framework of Quantum Theory (QT) in Information Retrieval (IR). QT offers a generalized probability and logic framework. Such a framework has been shown capable of unifying the…
Incompatibility of observables, or measurements, is one of the key features of quantum mechanics, related, among other concepts, to Heisenberg's uncertainty relations and Bell nonlocality. In this manuscript we show, however, that even…
Bell inequalities were meant to test quantum mechanics vs local hidden variable models, but can also be used to verify entanglement. For entanglement verification purposes one assumes the validity of quantum mechanics as well as quantum…
We establish connections between the requirement of measurability of a probability space and the principle of complimentarity in quantum mechanics. It is shown that measurability of a probability space implies the dependence of results of…
We provide a theory independent framework to quantify coherence. In comparison with Bell's theory independent approach to quantum nonlocality, we characterize a general coherence phenomenon with statistics arising from sequential…
One of the most notable aspects of quantum systems is that their components can exhibit correlations much stronger than those allowed by classical physics. Two examples of quantum correlations are quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality,…
We consider the contextual fraction as a quantitative measure of contextuality of empirical models, i.e. tables of probabilities of measurement outcomes in an experimental scenario. It provides a general way to compare the degree of…
Bell inequalities are mathematical constructs that demarcate the boundary between quantum and classical physics. A new class of multiplicative Bell inequalities originating from a volume maximization game (based on products of correlators…
Quantifying coherence is a key task in both quantum mechanical theory and practical applications. Here, a reliable quantum coherence measure is presented by utilizing the quantum skew information of the state of interest subject to a…
Lexical and semantic matches are commonly used as relevance measurements for information retrieval. Together they estimate the semantic equivalence between the query and the candidates. However, semantic equivalence is not the only…
Developments in the foundations of quantum mechanics have identified several attributes and tests associated with the "quantumness" of systems, including entanglement, nonlocality, quantum erasure, Bell test, etc. Here we introduce and…
Automated detection of semantically equivalent questions in longitudinal social science surveys is crucial for long-term studies informing empirical research in the social, economic, and health sciences. Retrieving equivalent questions…
Contextuality is a feature of quantum correlations. It is crucial from a foundational perspective as a nonclassical phenomenon, and from an applied perspective as a resource for quantum advantage. It is commonly defined in terms of hidden…
We emphasize the difficulties of an experiment that can definitely discriminate between local realistic hidden variables theories and quantum mechanics using the Bell CHSH inequalities and a real measurement apparatus. In particular we…
Despite bilingual speakers frequently using mixed-language queries in web searches, Information Retrieval (IR) research on them remains scarce. To address this, we introduce MiLQ, Mixed-Language Query test set, the first public benchmark of…
The difference between ideal experiments to test Bell's weak nonlocality and the real experiments leads to loopholes. Ideal experiments involve either inequalities (Bell) or equalities (Greenberger, Horne, Zeilinger). Every real experiment…