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A market portfolio is a portfolio in which each asset is held at a weight proportional to its market value. Functionally generated portfolios are portfolios for which the logarithmic return relative to the market portfolio can be decomposed…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-29 Ricardo T. Fernholz , Robert Fernholz

The concept of Diversification Return (DR) was introduced by Booth and Fama in 1990s and it has been well studied in the finance literature mainly focusing on the various sources it may be generated. However, unlike the classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-06 Chao Ding , Houduo Qi

We consider the investor who doesn't trade shares of his portfolio. The investor only observes the current trades made in the market with his securities to estimate the current return, variance, and risks of his unchanged portfolio. We show…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-30 Victor Olkhov

Since Markowitz's mean-variance framework, optimizing a portfolio that maximizes the profit and minimizes the risk has been ubiquitous in the financial industry. Initially, profit and risk were measured by the first two moments of the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-12 Xiwen Wang , Rui Zhou , Jiaxi Ying , Daniel P. Palomar

In his famous paper, Markowitz (1952) derived the dependence of portfolio random returns on the random returns of its securities. This result allowed Markowitz to obtain his famous expression for portfolio variance. We show that Markowitz's…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-12 Victor Olkhov

The aggregation of individual risks in large credit and insurance portfolios is guided by diversification and the law of large numbers, which formalizes the convergence of sample averages to their means. At the same time, regulatory capital…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-19 Max Nendel

It has been widely observed that capitalization-weighted indexes can be beaten by surprisingly simple, systematic investment strategies. Indeed, in the U.S. stock market, equal-weighted portfolios, random-weighted portfolios, and other…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2018-09-12 Adrian Banner , Robert Fernholz , Vassilios Papathanakos , Johannes Ruf , David Schofield

In this paper, we revisit the relationship between investors' utility functions and portfolio allocation rules. We derive portfolio allocation rules for asymmetric Laplace distributed $ALD(\mu,\sigma,\kappa)$ returns and compare them with…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-11-14 Maxime Markov , Vladimir Markov

We revisit the Bayesian Black-Litterman (BL) portfolio model and remove its reliance on subjective investor views. Classical BL requires an investor "view": a forecast vector $q$ and its uncertainty matrix $\Omega$ that describe how much a…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-06 Thomas Y. L. Lin , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Paul W. Chiou , Peter Lin

In the paper, we consider three quadratic optimization problems which are frequently applied in portfolio theory, i.e, the Markowitz mean-variance problem as well as the problems based on the mean-variance utility function and the quadratic…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2013-05-13 Taras Bodnar , Nestor Parolya , Wolfgang Schmid

Return-risk models are the two pillars of modern portfolio theory, which are widely used to make decisions in choosing the loan portfolio of a bank. Banks and other financial institutions are subjected to limited liability protection.…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-27 Deb Narayan Barik , Siddhartha P. Chakrabarty

This paper develops a method to derive optimal portfolios and risk premia explicitly in a general diffusion model for an investor with power utility and a long horizon. The market has several risky assets and is potentially incomplete.…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-03-08 Paolo Guasoni , Scott Robertson

Portfolio optimization has long been dominated by covariance-based strategies, such as the Markowitz Mean-Variance framework. However, these approaches often fail to ensure a balanced risk structure across assets, leading to concentration…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-07 Biswarup Chakraborty

In this paper we consider the problem of minimising drawdown in a portfolio of financial assets. Here drawdown represents the relative opportunity cost of the single best missed trading opportunity over a specified time period. We formulate…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2019-08-26 C. A. Valle , J. E. Beasley

In the knowledge that the ex-post performance of Markowitz efficient portfolios is inferior to that implied ex-ante, we make two contributions to the portfolio selection literature. Firstly, we propose a methodology to identify the region…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-30 N. Meade , J. E. Beasley , C. J. Adcock

Modern portfolio theory(MPT) addresses the problem of determining the optimum allocation of investment resources among a set of candidate assets. In the original mean-variance approach of Markowitz, volatility is taken as a proxy for risk,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Morrel H. Cohen , Vincent D. Natoli

Portfolio optimization methods have evolved significantly since Markowitz introduced the mean-variance framework in 1952. While the theoretical appeal of this approach is undeniable, its practical implementation poses important challenges,…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-28 Adil Rengim Cetingoz , Olivier Guéant

We study a continuous-time Markowitz mean-variance portfolio selection model in which a naive agent, unaware of the underlying time-inconsistency, continuously reoptimizes over time. We define the resulting naive policies through the limit…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-12-16 Lin Chen , Xun Yu Zhou

The presence of non linear instruments is responsible for the emergence of non Gaussian features in the price changes distribution of realistic portfolios, even for Normally distributed risk factors. This is especially true for the…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2010-11-23 Giacomo Bormetti , Valentina Cazzola , Danilo Delpini , Giacomo Livan

Several portfolio selection models take into account practical limitations on the number of assets to include and on their weights in the portfolio. We present here a study of the Limited Asset Markowitz (LAM), of the Limited Asset Mean…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2019-05-08 Francesco Cesarone , Andrea Scozzari , Fabio Tardella