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The goal of personalized decision making is to map a unit's characteristics to an action tailored to maximize the expected outcome for that unit. Obtaining high-quality mappings of this type is the goal of the dynamic regime literature. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Razieh Nabi , Phyllis Kanki , Ilya Shpitser

Treatment effects can be estimated from observational data as the difference in potential outcomes. In this paper, we address the challenge of estimating the potential outcome when treatment-dose levels can vary continuously over time.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-07 Hossein Soleimani , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Suchi Saria

The development of ethical AI systems is currently geared toward setting objective functions that align with human objectives. However, finding such functions remains a research challenge, while in RL, setting rewards by hand is a fairly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Marcin Korecki , Damian Dailisan , Cesare Carissimo

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) formalize medical decision-making as a sequence of rules for different stages, mapping patient-level information to recommended treatments. In practice, estimating an optimal DTR using observational data…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-11 Jian Sun , Bo Fu , Li Su

A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a set of decision rules to personalize treatments for an individual using their medical history. The Q-learning-based Q-shared algorithm has been used to develop DTRs that involve decision rules shared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-05 Palash Ghosh , Xinru Wang , Trikay Nalamada , Shruti Agarwal , Maria Jahja , Bibhas Chakraborty

There is growing interest in termination reasoning for non-linear programs and, meanwhile, recent dynamic strategies have shown they are able to infer invariants for such challenging programs. These advances led us to hypothesize that…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Ton Chanh Le , Timos Antonopoulos , Parisa Fathololumi , Eric Koskinen , ThanhVu Nguyen

The goal of precision medicine is to provide individualized treatment at each stage of chronic diseases, a concept formalized by Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTR). These regimes adapt treatment strategies based on decision rules learned from…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-09 Sophia Yazzourh , Nicolas Savy , Philippe Saint-Pierre , Michael R. Kosorok

We propose a new method in indefinite-horizon settings for estimating optimal dynamic treatment regimes for time-to-event outcomes. This method allows patients to have different numbers of treatment stages and is constructed using…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-31 Jane She , Matthew Egberg , Michael R. Kosorok

In both the fields of computer science and medicine there is very strong interest in developing personalized treatment policies for patients who have variable responses to treatments. In particular, I aim to find an optimal personalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-01 Yousuf M. Soliman

This paper develops a nonparametric model that represents how sequences of outcomes and treatment choices influence one another in a dynamic manner. In this setting, we are interested in identifying the average outcome for individuals in…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-01-16 Sukjin Han

In recent years, research interest in personalised treatments has been growing. However, treatment effect heterogeneity and possibly time-varying treatment effects are still often overlooked in clinical studies. Statistical tools are needed…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-27 Caterina Gregorio , Giovanni Baj , Giulia Barbati , Francesca Ieva

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are used in medicine to tailor sequential treatment decisions to patients by considering patient heterogeneity. Common methods for learning optimal DTRs, however, have shortcomings: they are typically based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-21 Theresa Blümlein , Joel Persson , Stefan Feuerriegel

Decision makers, such as doctors and judges, make crucial decisions such as recommending treatments to patients, and granting bails to defendants on a daily basis. Such decisions typically involve weighting the potential benefits of taking…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-24 Himabindu Lakkaraju , Cynthia Rudin

Because many illnesses show heterogeneous response to treatment, there is increasing interest in individualizing treatment to patients [Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66 (2009) 128--133]. An individualized treatment rule is a decision rule that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-05-18 Min Qian , Susan A. Murphy

Clinicians and researchers alike are increasingly interested in how best to personalize interventions. A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a sequence of pre-specified decision rules which can be used to guide the delivery of a sequence of…

Public policies and medical interventions often involve dynamic treatment assignments, in which individuals receive a sequence of interventions over multiple stages. We study the statistical learning of optimal dynamic treatment regimes…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-21 Shosei Sakaguchi

Optimal individualized treatment decision-making has improved health outcomes in recent years. The value function is commonly used to evaluate the goodness of an individualized treatment decision rule. Despite recent advances, comparing…

Quantile optimal treatment regimes (OTRs) aim to assign treatments that maximize a specified quantile of patients' outcomes. Compared to treatment regimes that target the mean outcomes, quantile OTRs offer fairer regimes when a lower…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-07 Junwen Xia , Jingxiao Zhang , Dehan Kong

We consider the estimation of treatment effects in settings when multiple treatments are assigned over time and treatments can have a causal effect on future outcomes or the state of the treated unit. We propose an extension of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-18 Greg Lewis , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Truncation by death, a prevalent challenge in critical care, renders traditional dynamic treatment regime (DTR) evaluation inapplicable due to ill-defined potential outcomes. We introduce a principal stratification-based method, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Sihyung Park , Wenbin Lu , Shu Yang