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In this paper we generalize the quantum algorithm for computing short discrete logarithms previously introduced by Eker{\aa} so as to allow for various tradeoffs between the number of times that the algorithm need be executed on the one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Martin Ekerå , Johan Håstad

The number of steps any classical computer requires in order to find the prime factors of an $l$-digit integer $N$ increases exponentially with $l$, at least using algorithms known at present. Factoring large integers is therefore…

We contribute a 2D nearest-neighbor quantum architecture for Shor's algorithm to factor an $n$-bit number in $O(\log^2(n))$ depth. Our implementation uses parallel phase estimation, constant-depth fanout and teleportation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-23 Paul Pham , Krysta M. Svore

We show that a classical algorithm efficiently simulating the modular exponentiation circuit, for certain product state input and with measurements in a general product state basis at the output, can efficiently simulate Shor's factoring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Nadav Yoran , Anthony J. Short

Quantum algorithms face significant challenges due to qubit susceptibility to environmental noise, and quantum error correction typically requires prohibitive resource overhead. This paper proposes that quantum algorithms may possess…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Fusheng Yang , Zhipeng Liang , Zhengzhong Yi , Xuan Wang

Lectures on quantum computing. Contents: Algorithms. Quantum circuits. Quantum Fourier transform. Elements of number theory. Modular exponentiation. Shor`s algorithm for finding the order. Computational complexity of Schor`s algorithm.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Igor V. Volovich

We consider how to optimize memory use and computation time in operating a quantum computer. In particular, we estimate the number of memory qubits and the number of operations required to perform factorization, using the algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-19 David Beckman , Amalavoyal N. Chari , Srikrishna Devabhaktuni , John Preskill

Shor's algorithm has seriously challenged information security based on public key cryptosystems. However, to break the widely used RSA-2048 scheme, one needs millions of physical qubits, which is far beyond current technical capabilities.…

Shor's quantum factoring algorithm finds the prime factors of a large number exponentially faster than any other known method a task that lies at the heart of modern information security, particularly on the internet. This algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-09 Alberto Politi , Jonathan C. F. Matthews , Jeremy L. O'Brien

In recent decades, the field of quantum computing has experienced remarkable progress. This progress is marked by the superior performance of many quantum algorithms compared to their classical counterparts, with Shor's algorithm serving as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-07 Siyi Wang , Xiufan Li , Wei Jie Bryan Lee , Suman Deb , Eugene Lim , Anupam Chattopadhyay

The Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) is a fundamental component of many quantum computing algorithms. In this paper, we present an alternative method for factoring this transformation. Inspired by this approach, we introduce a new quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Juan M. Romero , Emiliano Montoya-González , Guillermo Cruz , Roberto C. Romero

We present improved quantum circuits for elliptic curve scalar multiplication, the most costly component in Shor's algorithm to compute discrete logarithms in elliptic curve groups. We optimize low-level components such as reversible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-28 Thomas Häner , Samuel Jaques , Michael Naehrig , Martin Roetteler , Mathias Soeken

Shor's factorisation algorithm is a combination of classical pre- and post-processing and a quantum period finding (QPF) subroutine which allows an exponential speed up over classical factoring algorithms. We consider the stability of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Simon J. Devitt , Austin G. Fowler , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

We investigate the physical implementation of Shor's factorization algorithm on a Josephson charge qubit register. While we pursue a universal method to factor a composite integer of any size, the scheme is demonstrated for the number 21.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Juha J. Vartiainen , Antti O. Niskanen , Mikio Nakahara , Martti M. Salomaa

Considering its relevance in the field of cryptography, integer factorization is a prominent application where Quantum computers are expected to have a substantial impact. Thanks to Shor's algorithm this peculiar problem can be solved in…

We construct simplified quantum circuits for Shor's order-finding algorithm for composites N given by products of the Fermat primes 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65537. Such composites, including the previously studied case of 15, as well as 51, 85,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Michael R. Geller , Zhongyuan Zhou

Quantum computers require quantum arithmetic. We provide an explicit construction of quantum networks effecting basic arithmetic operations: from addition to modular exponentiation. Quantum modular exponentiation seems to be the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 V. Vedral , A. Barenco , A. Ekert

In recent years, advancements in quantum chip technology, such as Willow, have contributed to reducing quantum computation error rates, potentially accelerating the practical adoption of quantum computing. As a result, the design of quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Abel C. H. Chen

The modular multiplication operator, a central subroutine in Shor's factoring algorithm, is shown to be a coherent superposition of two quantum bakers maps when the multiplier is 2. The classical limit of the maps being completely chaotic,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-02 Arul Lakshminarayan

Quantum-Kit is a graphical desktop application for quantum circuit simulations. Its powerful, memory-efficient computational engine enables large-scale simulations on a desktop. The ability to design hybrid circuits, with both quantum and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Archana Tankasala , Hesameddin Ilatikhameneh