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Language modeling studies the probability distributions over strings of texts. It is one of the most fundamental tasks in natural language processing (NLP). It has been widely used in text generation, speech recognition, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chengwei Wei , Yun-Cheng Wang , Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

The effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) is often hindered by duplicated data in their extensive pre-training datasets. Current approaches primarily focus on detecting and removing duplicates, which risks the loss of valuable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Nan He , Weichen Xiong , Hanwen Liu , Yi Liao , Lei Ding , Kai Zhang , Guohua Tang , Xiao Han , Wei Yang

A new whole-sentence language model - neural trans-dimensional random field language model (neural TRF LM), where sentences are modeled as a collection of random fields, and the potential function is defined by a neural network, has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-04 Bin Wang , Zhijian Ou

There is rising interest in vector-space word embeddings and their use in NLP, especially given recent methods for their fast estimation at very large scale. Nearly all this work, however, assumes a single vector per word type ignoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-04-28 Arvind Neelakantan , Jeevan Shankar , Alexandre Passos , Andrew McCallum

Web-scale pre-training datasets are the cornerstone of LLMs' success. However, text data curated from the Internet inevitably contains random noise caused by decoding errors or unregulated web content. In contrast to previous works that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jinghan Ru , Yuxin Xie , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuguo Yin , Zhihui Guo , Zhiming Liu , Qianli Ren , Yuexian Zou

Recently, substantial progress has been made in language modeling by using deep neural networks. However, in practice, large scale neural language models have been shown to be prone to overfitting. In this paper, we present a simple yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Dilin Wang , Chengyue Gong , Qiang Liu

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, particularly in low-resource settings. Nevertheless, their potential in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aravind Krishnan , Jesujoba Alabi , Dietrich Klakow

A fundamental characteristic of natural language is the high rate at which speakers produce novel expressions. Because of this novelty, a heavy-tail of rare events accounts for a significant amount of the total probability mass of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Benjamin LeBrun , Alessandro Sordoni , Timothy J. O'Donnell

Neural language models (LMs) are typically trained using only lexical features, such as surface forms of words. In this paper, we argue this deprives the LM of crucial syntactic signals that can be detected at high confidence using existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Duncan Blythe , Alan Akbik , Roland Vollgraf

This paper investigates the scaling properties of Recurrent Neural Network Language Models (RNNLMs). We discuss how to train very large RNNs on GPUs and address the questions of how RNNLMs scale with respect to model size, training-set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-02-03 Will Williams , Niranjani Prasad , David Mrva , Tom Ash , Tony Robinson

Neural machine translation (NMT) models are usually trained with the word-level loss using the teacher forcing algorithm, which not only evaluates the translation improperly but also suffers from exposure bias. Sequence-level training under…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Chenze Shao , Yang Feng , Xilin Chen

Neural language models do not scale well when the vocabulary is large. Noise-contrastive estimation (NCE) is a sampling-based method that allows for fast learning with large vocabularies. Although NCE has shown promising performance in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Farhana Ferdousi Liza , Marek Grzes

We present a new tool for training neural network language models (NNLMs), scoring sentences, and generating text. The tool has been written using Python library Theano, which allows researcher to easily extend it and tune any aspect of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-13 Seppo Enarvi , Mikko Kurimo

Probabilistic topic models are popular unsupervised learning methods, including probabilistic latent semantic indexing (pLSI) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). By now, their training is implemented on general purpose computers (GPCs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Zihao Xiao , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

Neural network-based language models deal with data sparsity problems by mapping the large discrete space of words into a smaller continuous space of real-valued vectors. By learning distributed vector representations for words, each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Davide Nunes , Luis Antunes

The prediction of learning curves for Natural Language Processing (NLP) models enables informed decision-making to meet specific performance objectives, while reducing computational overhead and lowering the costs associated with dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Viktoria Schram , Markus Hiller , Daniel Beck , Trevor Cohn

Many NLP applications, such as biomedical data and technical support, have 10-100 million tokens of in-domain data and limited computational resources for learning from it. How should we train a language model in this scenario? Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Charles Welch , Rada Mihalcea , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

To mitigate the problem of having to traverse over the full vocabulary in the softmax normalization of a neural language model, sampling-based training criteria are proposed and investigated in the context of large vocabulary word-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Zijian Yang , Yingbo Gao , Alexander Gerstenberger , Jintao Jiang , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

In this work we explore recent advances in Recurrent Neural Networks for large scale Language Modeling, a task central to language understanding. We extend current models to deal with two key challenges present in this task: corpora and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-02-15 Rafal Jozefowicz , Oriol Vinyals , Mike Schuster , Noam Shazeer , Yonghui Wu

With the increasing demand for substantial amounts of high-quality data to train large language models (LLMs), efficiently filtering large web corpora has become a critical challenge. For this purpose, KenLM, a lightweight n-gram-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yungi Kim , Hyunsoo Ha , Sukyung Lee , Jihoo Kim , Seonghoon Yang , Chanjun Park