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Designing socially optimal policies in multi-agent environments is a fundamental challenge in both economics and artificial intelligence. This paper studies a general framework for learning Stackelberg equilibria in dynamic and uncertain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Jun He , Andrew L. Liu , Yihsu Chen

Stochastic stability is a popular solution concept for stochastic learning dynamics in games. However, a critical limitation of this solution concept is its inability to distinguish between different learning rules that lead to the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Hassan Jaleel , Jeff S. Shamma

Non-cooperative and cooperative games with a very large number of players have many applications but remain generally intractable when the number of players increases. Introduced by Lasry and Lions, and Huang, Caines and Malham\'e, Mean…

We study the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters (as a convex optimization problem) in the generalized linear models with independent or weakly dependent ($\rho$-mixing, $m$-dependent)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Xiaowei Yang , Shuang Song , Huiming Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for tasks that require complex reasoning. Most benchmarks focus on final outcomes but overlook the intermediate reasoning steps - such as planning, revision, and decision making under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xiaopeng Yuan , Xingjian Zhang , Ke Xu , Yifan Xu , Lijun Yu , Jindong Wang , Yushun Dong , Haohan Wang

Graphical models are widely used in science to represent joint probability distributions with an underlying conditional dependence structure. The inverse problem of learning a discrete graphical model given i.i.d samples from its joint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Abhijith J. , Andrey Y. Lokhov , Sidhant Misra , Marc Vuffray

Real-world AI systems are tackling increasingly complex problems, often through interactions among large language model (LLM) agents. When these agents develop inconsistent conventions, coordination can break down. Applications such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Ryan Zhang , Herbert Woisetschläger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in environmental perception, reasoning-based decision-making, and simulating complex human behaviors, particularly in interactive role-playing contexts. This paper introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yin Cai , Zhouhong Gu , Zhaohan Du , Zheyu Ye , Shaosheng Cao , Yiqian Xu , Hongwei Feng , Ping Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social science simulations. While their performance on reasoning and optimization tasks has been extensively evaluated, less attention has been paid to their ability to simulate human…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuanjun Feng , Vivek Choudhary , Yash Raj Shrestha

Feedback Nash equilibrium strategies in multi-agent dynamic games require availability of all players' state information to compute control actions. However, in real-world scenarios, sensing and communication limitations between agents make…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xinjie Liu , Jingqi Li , Filippos Fotiadis , Mustafa O. Karabag , Jesse Milzman , David Fridovich-Keil , Ufuk Topcu

We introduce GuessingGame, a protocol for evaluating large language models (LLMs) as strategic question-askers in open-ended, open-domain settings. A Guesser LLM identifies a hidden object by posing free-form questions to an Oracle without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Dylan Hutson , Daniel Vennemeyer , Aneesh Deshmukh , Justin Zhan , Tianyu Jiang

Coordinating multiple large language models (LLMs) to solve complex tasks collaboratively poses a fundamental trade-off between the computation costs and collective performance compared with individual model. We introduce a novel,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yunhao Liang , Yuan Qu , Jingyuan Yang , Shaochong Lin , Zuo-Jun Max Shen

While multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has produced numerous algorithms that converge to Nash or related equilibria, such equilibria are often non-unique and can exhibit widely varying efficiency. This raises a fundamental…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Runyu Zhang , Gioele Zardini , Asuman Ozdaglar , Jeff Shamma , Na Li

Policy gradient methods enjoy strong practical performance in numerous tasks in reinforcement learning. Their theoretical understanding in multiagent settings, however, remains limited, especially beyond two-player competitive and potential…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ioannis Anagnostides , Ioannis Panageas , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

The growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) presents potential for deeper understanding of human behaviours within game theory frameworks. Addressing research gap on multi-player competitive games, this paper examines the strategic…

General Economics · Economics 2024-10-04 Siting Estee Lu

We introduce Compositional Imitation Learning and Execution (CompILE): a framework for learning reusable, variable-length segments of hierarchically-structured behavior from demonstration data. CompILE uses a novel unsupervised,…

A growing line of work reframes preference-based fine-tuning of large language models game-theoretically: Nash Learning from Human Feedback (NLHF) recasts the problem as a zero-sum game over policies. However, optimization is over expected…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Max Horwitz , Jake Gonzales , Eric Mazumdar , Lillian J. Ratliff

Equilibrium learning in adversarial games is an important topic widely examined in the fields of game theory and reinforcement learning (RL). Pursuit-evasion game (PEG), as an important class of real-world games from the fields of robotics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Runyu Lu , Peng Zhang , Ruochuan Shi , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao , Yang Liu , Dong Wang , Cesare Alippi

In many settings, machine learning models may be used to inform decisions that impact individuals or entities who interact with the model. Such entities, or agents, may game model decisions by manipulating their inputs to the model to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Trenton Chang , Lindsay Warrenburg , Sae-Hwan Park , Ravi B. Parikh , Maggie Makar , Jenna Wiens

Characterizing the performance of no-regret dynamics in multi-player games is a foundational problem at the interface of online learning and game theory. Recent results have revealed that when all players adopt specific learning algorithms,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Ioannis Anagnostides , Alkis Kalavasis , Tuomas Sandholm , Manolis Zampetakis