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Disregarding the identity, the remaining 63 elements of the generalized three-qubit Pauli group are found to contain 12096 distinct copies of Mermin's magic pentagram. Remarkably, 12096 is also the number of automorphisms of the smallest…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-06-04 Michel Planat , Metod Saniga , Frederic Holweck

A "magic rectangle" of eleven observables of four qubits, employed by Harvey and Chryssanthacopoulos (2008) to prove the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem in a 16-dimensional Hilbert space, is given a neat finite-geometrical reinterpretation in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-31 Metod Saniga , Michel Planat

The Kochen-Specker theorem states that a 3-dimensional complex Euclidean space admits a finite configuration of projective lines such that the corresponding quantum observables (the orthogonal projectors) cannot be assigned with 0 and 1…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Artur Ruuge

Coxeter pointed out that a number of polytopes can be projected orthogonally into two dimensions in such a way that their vertices lie on a number of concentric regular triacontagons (or 30-gons). Among them are the 600-cell and 120-cell in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-16 P. K. Aravind , Justin Y. J. Burton , Guillermo Núñez Ponasso , D. Richter

A number of new proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem are given based on the observables of the three-qubit Pauli group. Each proof is presented in the form of a diagram from which it is obvious by inspection. Each of our observable-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Mordecai Waegell , P. K. Aravind

A new example of a saturated Kochen-Specker (KS) type configuration of 64 rays in 8-dimensional space (the Hilbert space of a triple of qubits) is constructed. It is proven that this configuration has a tropical dimension 6 and that it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-01 Artur E. Ruuge

Mermin's pentagram, a specific set of ten three-qubit observables arranged in quadruples of pairwise commuting ones into five edges of a pentagram and used to provide a very simple proof of the Kochen-Specker theorem, is shown to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-05 Metod Saniga , Peter Levay

Split Cayley hexagons of order two are distinguished finite geometries living in the three-qubit symplectic polar space in two different forms, called classical and skew. Although neither of the two yields observable-based contextual…

The set of 63 real generalized Pauli matrices of three-qubits can be factored into two subsets of 35 symmetric and 28 antisymmetric elements. This splitting is shown to be completely embodied in the properties of the Fano plane; the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-08 Peter Levay , Metod Saniga , Peter Vrana

In [1] we proved a strengthened Kochen-Specker theorem in 3 dimensions: non-contextual hidden variable (NCHV) models cannot reproduce all the quantum correlations of two compatible observables, which is a minimal requirement imposed on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-26 Sixia Yu , C. H. Oh

We put forward three simple algorithms to generate Kochen-Specker sets used for parity proof of Kochen-Specker theorem in three-qubit system. These algorithms enables us to generate 320, 640 and 64 Kochen-Specket sets with 36, 38 and 40…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-26 S. P. Toh

A proof of the Kochen-Specker theorem for a single two-level system is presented. It employs five eight-element positive operator-valued measures and a simple algebraic reasoning based on the geometry of the dodecahedron.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-28 Adan Cabello

We investigate small geometric configurations that furnish observable-based proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem. Assuming that each context consists of the same number of observables and each observable is shared by two contexts, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-28 Frédéric Holweck , Metod Saniga

The 240 root vectors of the Lie algebra E8 lead to a system of 120 rays in a real 8-dimensional Hilbert space that contains a large number of parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem. After introducing the rays in a triacontagonal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Mordecai Waegell , P. K. Aravind

We present a number of observables-based proofs of the Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem based on the N-qubit Pauli group for N >= 4, thus adding to the proofs that have been presented earlier for the two- and three-qubit groups. These proofs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Mordecai Waegell , P. K. Aravind

We present a systematic, constructive analysis of Kochen-Specker contextuality, emphasizing the foundational importance of complete orthogonal bases (contexts). First, in three dimensions, we generate a complete inventory of 165 rays and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Mirko Navara , Karl Svozil

Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem denies the possibility for the noncontextual hidden variable theories to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics. A set of projection operators (projectors) and bases used to show the impossibility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 S. P. Toh

We present a computational survey of Kochen-Specker (KS) uncolorability in three-dimensional Hilbert space across two-symbol coordinate alphabets $\mathcal{A} = \{0, \pm 1, \pm x\}$ drawn from quadratic, cyclotomic, and golden-ratio number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Michael Kernaghan

A simple three rules supplemented by five steps scheme is proposed to produce Kochen-Specker (KS) sets with 30 rank-2 projectors that occur twice each. The KS sets provide state-independent proof of KS theorem based on a system of three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-30 S. P. Toh

It is pointed out that the 60 complex rays in four dimensions associated with a system of two qubits yield over 10^9 critical parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem. The geometrical properties of the rays are described, an overview of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 Mordecai Waegell , P. K. Aravind
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