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The CSA-ES is an Evolution Strategy with Cumulative Step size Adaptation, where the step size is adapted measuring the length of a so-called cumulative path. The cumulative path is a combination of the previous steps realized by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-02-19 Alexandre Chotard , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

Three state-of-the-art adaptive population control strategies (PCS) are theoretically and empirically investigated for a multi-recombinative, cumulative step-size adaptation Evolution Strategy $(\mu/\mu_I, \lambda)$-CSA-ES. First, scaling…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Amir Omeradzic , Hans-Georg Beyer

Evolution Strategies (ES) are stochastic derivative-free optimization algorithms whose most prominent representative, the CMA-ES algorithm, is widely used to solve difficult numerical optimization problems. We provide the first rigorous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Cheikh Touré , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

Theoretical analyses of evolution strategies are indispensable for gaining a deep understanding of their inner workings. For constrained problems, rather simple problems are of interest in the current research. This work presents a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-12 Patrick Spettel , Hans-Georg Beyer

This paper analyzes a (1, $\lambda$)-Evolution Strategy, a randomized comparison-based adaptive search algorithm, optimizing a linear function with a linear constraint. The algorithm uses resampling to handle the constraint. Two cases are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-10-16 Alexandre Chotard , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

We combine a refined version of two-point step-size adaptation with the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). Additionally, we suggest polished formulae for the learning rate of the covariance matrix and the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Nikolaus Hansen

This tutorial introduces the CMA Evolution Strategy (ES), where CMA stands for Covariance Matrix Adaptation. The CMA-ES is a stochastic, or randomized, method for real-parameter (continuous domain) optimization of non-linear, non-convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Nikolaus Hansen

The mutation strength adaptation properties of a multi-recombinative $(\mu/\mu_I, \lambda)$-ES are studied for isotropic mutations. To this end, standard implementations of cumulative step-size adaptation (CSA) and mutative self-adaptation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Amir Omeradzic , Hans-Georg Beyer

Multimodal optimization requires both exploration and exploitation. Exploration identifies promising attraction basins, while exploitation finds the best solutions within these basins. The balance between exploration and exploitation can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chandula Fernando , Kushani De Silva

This paper addresses the development of a covariance matrix self-adaptation evolution strategy (CMSA-ES) for solving optimization problems with linear constraints. The proposed algorithm is referred to as Linear Constraint CMSA-ES…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-24 Patrick Spettel , Hans-Georg Beyer , Michael Hellwig

Various variants of the well known Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) have been proposed recently, which improve the empirical performance of the original algorithm by structural modifications. However, in practice it…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Sander van Rijn , Hao Wang , Matthijs van Leeuwen , Thomas Bäck

Evolution strategies (ESs) are zeroth-order stochastic black-box optimization heuristics invariant to monotonic transformations of the objective function. They evolve a multivariate normal distribution, from which candidate solutions are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Youhei Akimoto , Anne Auger , Tobias Glasmachers , Daiki Morinaga

The Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is widely accepted as a robust derivative-free continuous optimization algorithm for non-linear and non-convex optimization problems. CMA-ES is well known to be almost…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-06-12 Ilya Loshchilov , Marc Schoenauer , Michèle Sebag , Nikolaus Hansen

Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is a highly effective optimization technique. A primary challenge when applying CMA-ES in high dimensionality is sampling from a multivariate normal distribution with an arbitrary…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jarosław Arabas , Adam Stelmaszczyk , Eryk Warchulski , Dariusz Jagodziński , Rafał Biedrzycki

We introduce an acceleration for covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategies (CMA-ES) by means of adaptive diagonal decoding (dd-CMA). This diagonal acceleration endows the default CMA-ES with the advantages of separable CMA-ES…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Youhei Akimoto , Nikolaus Hansen

Parameter adaptation, that is the capability to automatically adjust an algorithm's hyperparameters depending on the problem being faced, is one of the main trends in evolutionary computation applied to numerical optimization. While several…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Michele Tessari , Giovanni Iacca

In this paper, we consider comparison-based adaptive stochastic algorithms for solving numerical optimisation problems. We consider a specific subclass of algorithms that we call comparison-based step-size adaptive randomized search…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2016-06-03 Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a powerful optimization method for continuous black-box optimization problems. Several noise-handling methods have been proposed to bring out the optimization performance of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Kento Uchida , Kenta Nishihara , Shinichi Shirakawa

We propose a statistical adaptive procedure called SALSA for automatically scheduling the learning rate (step size) in stochastic gradient methods. SALSA first uses a smoothed stochastic line-search procedure to gradually increase the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-26 Pengchuan Zhang , Hunter Lang , Qiang Liu , Lin Xiao

The learning rate is a crucial hyperparameter in deep learning, with its ideal value depending on the problem and potentially changing during training. In this paper, we investigate the practical utility of adaptive learning rate mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Asma Atamna , Tom Maus , Fabian Kievelitz , Tobias Glasmachers
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