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Quantum computing is expected to become a foundational technology for solving problems that exceed the capabilities of classical systems. As quantum algorithms and hardware technologies continue to advance, the need for scalable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Folkert de Ronde , Stephan Wong , Sebastian Feld

We present quantum circuits for comparison and increment operations that achieve an asymptotically optimal gate count of $\Theta(n)$ and depth of $\Theta(\log n)$ over the Clifford+Toffoli gate set, while using a provably minimal number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Vivien Vandaele

We use a random search technique to find quantum gate sequences that implement perfect quantum state preparation or unitary operator synthesis with arbitrary targets. This approach is based on the recent discovery that there is a large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Sahel Ashhab , Fumiki Yoshihara , Miwako Tsuji , Mitsuhisa Sato , Kouichi Semba

The controlled-SWAP and controlled-controlled-NOT gates are at the heart of the original proposal of reversible classical computation by Fredkin and Toffoli. Their widespread use in quantum computation, both in the implementation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Pedro M. Q. Cruz , Bruno Murta

Clifford gates play a role in the optimisation of Clifford+T circuits. Reducing the count and the depth of Clifford gates, as well as the optimal scheduling of T gates, influence the hardware and the time costs of executing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-18 Alexandru Paler , Robert Basmadjian

Hamiltonian simulation represents an important module in a large class of quantum algorithms and simulations such as quantum machine learning, quantum linear algebra methods, and modeling for physics, material science and chemistry. One of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-30 Albert T. Schmitz , Nicolas P. D. Sawaya , Sonika Johri , A. Y. Matsuura

Efficient synthesis of arbitrary quantum states and unitaries from a universal fault-tolerant gate-set e.g. Clifford+T is a key subroutine in quantum computation. As large quantum algorithms feature many qubits that encode coherent quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Guang Hao Low , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Luke Schaeffer

The Clifford$+T$ gate set is commonly used to perform universal quantum computation. In such setup the $T$ gate is typically much more expensive to implement in a fault-tolerant way than Clifford gates. To improve the feasibility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Vivien Vandaele , Simon Martiel , Simon Perdrix , Christophe Vuillot

In this paper we present a generic construction to obtain an optimal T depth quantum circuit for any arbitrary $n$-input $m$-output Boolean function $f: \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^m$ having algebraic degree $k\leq n$, and it achieves an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Suman Dutta , Anik Basu Bhaumik , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Subhamoy Maitra

Fault-tolerant quantum computing typically requires the transpilation of arbitrary quantum circuits into a finite, universal gate set, such as Clifford+T. As a baseline, Diagonal approximation can be used for synthesizing single-qubit Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Gilad Kishony , Avi Elazari , Ron Cohen , Lior Gazit

An efficient implementation of the Toffoli gate is of conceptual importance for running various quantum algorithms, including Grover's search and Shor's integer factorization. However, direct implementation of the Toffoli gate either…

In this work we propose a novel numerical approach to decompose general quantum programs in terms of single- and two-qubit quantum gates with a $CNOT$ gate count very close to the current theoretical lower bounds. In particular, it turns…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-18 Péter Rakyta , Zoltán Zimborás

We show a significant reduction of the number of quantum operations and the improvement of the circuit depth for the realization of the Toffoli gate by using qudits. This is done by establishing a general relation between the dimensionality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-12 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Nikolaeva , Peng Xu , G. V. Shlyapnikov , A. K. Fedorov

The problem of finding efficient decompositions of multi-qubit gates is of importance for quantum computing, especially, in application to existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, whose resources are substantially limited. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-05 A. S. Nikolaeva , E. O. Kiktenko , A. K. Fedorov

Unitary synthesis is an optimization technique that can achieve optimal multi-qubit gate counts while mapping quantum circuits to restrictive qubit topologies. Because synthesis algorithms are limited in scalability by their exponentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-10 Mathias Weiden , Justin Kalloor , John Kubiatowicz , Ed Younis , Costin Iancu

Qubits, which are quantum counterparts of classical bits, are used as basic information units for quantum information processing, whereas underlying physical information carriers, e.g. (artificial) atoms or ions, admit encoding of more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-28 Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Aleksey K. Fedorov

Optimizing the size and depth of CNOT circuits is an active area of research in quantum computing and is particularly relevant for circuits synthesized from the Clifford + T universal gate set. Although many techniques exist for finding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Alan Bu , Evan Fan , Robert Sanghyeon Joo

We present new optimal and heuristic algorithms for exact synthesis of multi-qubit unitaries and isometries. For example, our algorithms find Clifford and T circuits for unitaries with entries in $\mathbb{Z}[i,1/\sqrt{2}]$. The optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Sebastian Schönnenbeck

Any unitary operation in quantum information processing can be implemented via a sequence of simpler steps - quantum gates. However, actual implementation of a quantum gate is always imperfect and takes a finite time. Therefore, seeking for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Michal Sedlak , Martin Plesch

An algorithm for reversible logic synthesis is proposed. The task is, for a given $n$-bit substitution map $P_n: \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^n$, to find a sequence of reversible logic gates that implements the map. The gate library…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Hochang Lee , Kyung Chul Jeong , Daewan Han , Panjin Kim