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This paper proves that the computational power of quantum interactive proof systems, with a double-exponentially small gap in acceptance probability between the completeness and soundness cases, is precisely characterized by EXP, the class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-07 Tsuyoshi Ito , Hirotada Kobayashi , John Watrous

We present an efficient proof system for Multipoint Arithmetic Circuit Evaluation: for every arithmetic circuit $C(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$ of size $s$ and degree $d$ over a field ${\mathbb F}$, and any inputs $a_1,\ldots,a_K \in {\mathbb F}^n$,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-01-20 Ryan Williams

It is known that there exist multi-prover interactive protocols ($\mathsf{MIP}$ protocols) for the complexity class $\mathsf{NEXP}$, succinct $\mathsf{MIP}$ protocols for $\mathsf{NP}$ and multi-prover interactive protocols with shared…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Vahid R. Asadi , Atsuya Hasegawa , François Le Gall

We prove that QMA where the verifier may also make a single non-collapsing measurement is equal to NEXP, resolving an open question of Aaronson. We show this is a corollary to a modified proof of QMA+ = NEXP [arXiv:2306.13247]. At the core…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Roozbeh Bassirian , Kunal Marwaha

Complexity theory typically focuses on the difficulty of solving computational problems using classical inputs and outputs, even with a quantum computer. In the quantum world, it is natural to apply a different notion of complexity, namely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 Hugo Delavenne , François Le Gall , Yupan Liu , Masayuki Miyamoto

We investigate two resources whose effects on quantum interactive proofs remain poorly understood: the promise of unentanglement, and the verifier's ability to condition on an intermediate measurement, which we call post-measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Sabee Grewal , William Kretschmer

We present a protocol that transforms any quantum multi-prover interactive proof into a nonlocal game in which questions consist of logarithmic number of bits and answers of constant number of bits. As a corollary, this proves that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-12 Zhengfeng Ji

We study the power of QMA(2) with postselection and show that the power is equal to NEXP. Our method for showing this equality can be also used to prove that other classes with exponentially small completeness-soundness gap equals to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-27 Yusuke Kinoshita

We prove a strong limitation on the ability of entangled provers to collude in a multiplayer game. Our main result is the first nontrivial lower bound on the class MIP* of languages having multi-prover interactive proofs with entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-27 Tsuyoshi Ito , Thomas Vidick

Quantum nondeterministic distributed computing was recently introduced as dQMA (distributed quantum Merlin-Arthur) protocols by Fraigniaud, Le Gall, Nishimura and Paz (ITCS 2021). In dQMA protocols, with the help of quantum proofs and local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-14 Atsuya Hasegawa , Srijita Kundu , Harumichi Nishimura

This paper proves one of the open problem posed by Beigi et al. in arXiv:1004.0411v2. We consider quantum interactive proof systems where in the beginning the verifier and prover send messages to each other with the combined length of all…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-09-06 Attila Pereszlényi

A central question in quantum information theory and computational complexity is how powerful nonlocal strategies are in cooperative games with imperfect information, such as multi-prover interactive proof systems. This paper develops a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-04-11 Tsuyoshi Ito , Hirotada Kobayashi , Daniel Preda , Xiaoming Sun , Andrew C. -C. Yao

This paper considers three variants of quantum interactive proof systems in which short (meaning logarithmic-length) messages are exchanged between the prover and verifier. The first variant is one in which the verifier sends a short…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-22 Salman Beigi , Peter W. Shor , John Watrous

The quantum PCP (QPCP) conjecture states that all problems in QMA, the quantum analogue of NP, admit quantum verifiers that only act on a constant number of qubits of a polynomial size quantum proof and have a constant gap between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-09 Alex B. Grilo , Iordanis Kerenidis , Attila Pereszlényi

In this paper, we introduce a new public quantum interactive proof system and the first quantum alternating Turing machine: qAM proof system and qATM, respectively. Both are obtained from their classical counterparts (Arthur-Merlin proof…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-05-25 Abuzer Yakaryilmaz

We give a test that can distinguish efficiently between product states of n quantum systems and states which are far from product. If applied to a state psi whose maximum overlap with a product state is 1-epsilon, the test passes with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-03 Aram W. Harrow , Ashley Montanaro

We study the complexity of QMA proof systems with inverse exponentially small promise gap. We show that this class can be exactly characterized by PSPACE, the class of problems solvable with a polynomial amount of memory. As applications we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-11 Bill Fefferman , Cedric Lin

A proof of quantumness (PoQ) allows a classical verifier to efficiently test if a quantum machine is performing a computation that is infeasible for any classical machine. In this work, we propose a new approach for constructing PoQ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-02 Giulio Malavolta , Tamer Mour

Can one considerably shorten a proof for a quantum problem by using a protocol with a constant number of unentangled provers? We consider a frustration-free variant of the QCMA-complete Ground State Connectivity (GSCON) problem for a system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-02 Libor Caha , Daniel Nagaj , Martin Schwarz

This paper proves that classical-witness quantum Merlin-Arthur proof systems can achieve perfect completeness. That is, QCMA = QCMA1. This holds under any gate set with which the Hadamard and arbitrary classical reversible transformations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-29 Stephen P. Jordan , Hirotada Kobayashi , Daniel Nagaj , Harumichi Nishimura