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Probabilistic programs encode stochastic models as ordinary-looking programs with primitives for sampling numbers from predefined distributions and conditioning. Their applications include, among many others, machine learning and modeling…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dominik Geißler , Tobias Winkler

Probabilistic programming languages rely fundamentally on some notion of sampling, and this is doubly true for probabilistic programming languages which perform Bayesian inference using Monte Carlo techniques. Verifying samplers - proving…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Fredrik Dahlqvist , Alexandra Silva , William Smith

Probabilistic programming is a growing area that strives to make statistical analysis more accessible, by separating probabilistic modelling from probabilistic inference. In practice this decoupling is difficult. No single inference…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Maria I. Gorinova

Intelligent systems sometimes need to infer the probable goals of people, cars, and robots, based on partial observations of their motion. This paper introduces a class of probabilistic programs for formulating and solving these problems.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-04-19 Marco F. Cusumano-Towner , Alexey Radul , David Wingate , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Language models now provide an interface to express and often solve general problems in natural language, yet their ultimate computational capabilities remain a major topic of scientific debate. Unlike a formal computer, a language model is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Alex Lewandowski , Marlos C. Machado , Dale Schuurmans

This work offers a broad perspective on probabilistic modeling and inference in light of recent advances in probabilistic programming, in which models are formally expressed in Turing-complete programming languages. We consider a typical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-20 Lawrence M. Murray , Thomas B. Schön

Attempts to replicate probabilistic reasoning in expert systems have typically overlooked a critical ingredient of that process. Probabilistic analysis typically requires extensive judgments regarding interdependencies among hypotheses and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Marvin S. Cohen

A probabilistic program defines a probability measure over its semantic structures. One common goal of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) is to compute posterior probabilities for arbitrary models and queries, given observed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Yi Wu , Lei Li , Stuart Russell , Rastislav Bodik

Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm that allows for writing statistical models like ordinary programs, performing simulations by running those programs, and analyzing and refining their statistical behavior using…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Martin Kuhn , Joscha Grüger , Christoph Matheja , Andrey Rivkin

This book is a graduate-level introduction to probabilistic programming. It not only provides a thorough background for anyone wishing to use a probabilistic programming system, but also introduces the techniques needed to design and build…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-20 Jan-Willem van de Meent , Brooks Paige , Hongseok Yang , Frank Wood

We present probabilistic neural programs, a framework for program induction that permits flexible specification of both a computational model and inference algorithm while simultaneously enabling the use of deep neural networks.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-12-05 Kenton W. Murray , Jayant Krishnamurthy

Probabilistic modeling enables combining domain knowledge with learning from data, thereby supporting learning from fewer training instances than purely data-driven methods. However, learning probabilistic models is difficult and has not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Avi Pfeffer

Probabilistic programming languages, which exist in abundance, are languages that allow users to calculate probability distributions defined by probabilistic programs, by using inference algorithms. However, the underlying inference…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Oliver Goldstein , Ohad Kammar

Research at the intersection of machine learning, programming languages, and software engineering has recently taken important steps in proposing learnable probabilistic models of source code that exploit code's abundance of patterns. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Miltiadis Allamanis , Earl T. Barr , Premkumar Devanbu , Charles Sutton

Probabilistic models are a critical part of the modern deep learning toolbox - ranging from generative models (VAEs, GANs), sequence to sequence models used in machine translation and speech processing to models over functional spaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Marta Garnelo , Alhussein Fawzi , Pushmeet Kohli

LLMs are widely used for code generation and mathematical reasoning tasks where they are required to generate structured output. They either need to reason about code, generate code for a given specification, or reason using programs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Poorva Garg , Renato Lui Geh , Daniel Israel , Todd Millstein , Kyle Richardson , Guy Van den Broeck

There is increasing interest within the research community in the design and use of recursive probability models. Although there still remains concern about computational complexity costs and the fact that computing exact solutions can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Daniel Pless , George Luger

Complex cyber-physical systems interact in real-time and must consider both timing and uncertainty. Developing software for such systems is expensive and difficult, especially when modeling, inference, and real-time behavior must be…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Lars Hummelgren , Matthias Becker , David Broman

We consider two classes of computations which admit taking linear combinations of execution runs: probabilistic sampling and generalized animation. We argue that the task of program learning should be more tractable for these architectures…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-12-17 Michael Bukatin , Steve Matthews

Probabilistic programming languages allow programmers to write down conditional probability distributions that represent statistical and machine learning models as programs that use observe statements. These programs are run by accumulating…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Jules Jacobs