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We present a differentiable formulation of abstract chemical reaction networks (CRNs) that can be trained to solve a variety of computational tasks. Chemical reaction networks are one of the most fundamental computational substrates used by…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-07 Alexander Mordvintsev , Ettore Randazzo , Eyvind Niklasson

Synthetic biology is a rapidly emerging research area, with expected wide-ranging impact in biology, nanofabrication, and medicine. A key technical challenge lies in embedding computation in molecular contexts where electronic…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Marko Vasic , David Soloveichik , Sarfraz Khurshid

The Turing completeness result for continuous chemical reaction networks (CRN) shows that any computable function over the real numbers can be computed by a CRN over a finite set of formal molecular species using at most bimolecular…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-01 Mathieu Hemery , François Fages , Sylvain Soliman

This paper is concerned with programming adaptive linear neural networks (ALNNs) using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) equipped with mass-action kinetics. Through individually programming the forward propagation and the backpropagation of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-04-14 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao

We show that some natural output conventions for error-free computation in chemical reaction networks (CRN) lead to a common level of computational expressivity. Our main results are that the standard consensus-based output convention have…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Robert Brijder , David Doty , David Soloveichik

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) model the behavior of molecules in a well-mixed system. The emerging field of molecular programming uses CRNs not only as a descriptive tool, but as a programming language for chemical computation.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-09-04 Adam Case , Jack H. Lutz , D. M. Stull

Artificial neural networks (NNs) can be implemented using chemical reaction networks (CRNs), where the concentrations of species act as inputs and outputs. In such biochemical computing, noise-robust computing is crucial due to the…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-17 Sunghwa Kang , Jinsu Kim

Across many disciplines, chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are an established population model defined as a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In many applications, for example, in systems biology and epidemiology,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-23 Kim G. Larsen , Daniele Toller , Mirco Tribastone , Max Tschaikowski , Andrea Vandin

Stochastic chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are complex systems which combine the features of concurrent transformation of multiple variables in each elementary reaction event, and nonlinear relations between states and their rates of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-12-06 Eric Smith , Supriya Krishnamurthy

Motivation: A Chemical Reaction Network (CRN) is a set of chemical reactions, which can be very complex and difficult to analyze. Indeed, dynamical properties of CRNs can be described by a set of non-linear differential equations that…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Lucia Nasti , Roberta Gori , Paolo Milazzo , Federico Poloni

We propose a unified framework that allows for the full mechanistic reconstruction of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) from concentration data. The framework utilizes an integral formulation of the differential equations governing the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Abraham Reyes-Velazquez , Stefan Güttel , Igor Larrosa , Jonas Latz

This paper studies the (discrete) \emph{chemical reaction network (CRN)} computational model that emerged in the last two decades as an abstraction for molecular programming. The correctness of CRN protocols is typically established under…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Anne Condon , Yuval Emek , Noga Harlev

Information processing relying on biochemical interactions in the cellular environment is essential for biological organisms. The implementation of molecular computational systems holds significant interest and potential in the fields of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-01 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao , Denis Dochain

Analysis of large continuous-time stochastic systems is a computationally intensive task. In this work we focus on population models arising from chemical reaction networks (CRNs), which play a fundamental role in analysis and design of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Milan Češka , Jan Křetínský

We consider how to generate chemical reaction networks (CRNs) from functional specifications. We propose a two-stage approach that combines synthesis by satisfiability modulo theories and Markov chain Monte Carlo based optimisation. First,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2015-08-19 Neil Dalchau , Niall Murphy , Rasmus Petersen , Boyan Yordanov

We present two quantitative behavioral equivalences over species of a chemical reaction network (CRN) with semantics based on ordinary differential equations. Forward CRN bisimulation identifies a partition where each equivalence class…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-16 Luca Cardelli , Mirco Tribastone , Max Tschaikowski , Andrea Vandin

Recent research into analog computing has introduced new notions of computing real numbers. Huang, Klinge, Lathrop, Li, and Lutz defined a notion of computing real numbers in real-time with chemical reaction networks (CRNs), introducing the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Willem Fletcher , Titus H. Klinge , James I. Lathrop , Dawn A. Nye , Matthew Rayman

A chemical reaction network (CRN) is composed of reactions that can be seen as interactions among entities called species, which exist within the system. Endowed with kinetics, CRN has a corresponding set of ordinary differential equations…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Bryan S. Hernandez , Ralph John L. De la Cruz

Molecular computation based on chemical reaction networks (CRNs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for designing programmable biochemical systems. However, the implementation of complex computations still requires excessively large and…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-17 Renlei Jiang , Yuzhen Fan , Di Fan , Chuanhou Gao , Denis Dochain

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for image recognition and text analysis, and have been suggested for application on one-dimensional data as a way to reduce the need for pre-processing steps. Pre-processing is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-18 Ine L. Jernelv , Dag Roar Hjelme , Yuji Matsuura , Astrid Aksnes