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Order-preserving pattern matching was introduced recently but it has already attracted much attention. Given a reference sequence and a pattern, we want to locate all substrings of the reference sequence whose elements have the same…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Gianni Decaroli , Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini

In this paper, we propose a new indexing structure for parameterized strings which we call PLSTs, by generalizing linear-size suffix tries for ordinary strings. Two parameterized strings are said to match if there is a bijection on the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Katsuhito Nakashima , Diptarama Hendrian , Ryo Yoshinaka , Ayumi Shinohara

We present a new data structure called the \emph{Compressed Random Access Memory} (CRAM) that can store a dynamic string $T$ of characters, e.g., representing the memory of a computer, in compressed form while achieving asymptotically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Jesper Jansson , Kunihiko Sadakane , Wing-Kin Sung

Text retrieval using learned sparse representations of queries and documents has, over the years, evolved into a highly effective approach to search. It is thanks to recent advances in approximate nearest neighbor search-with the emergence…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Sebastian Bruch , Martino Fontana , Franco Maria Nardini , Cosimo Rulli , Rossano Venturini

Entropy quantifies the number of bits required to store objects under certain given assumptions. While this is a well established concept for strings, in the context of tries the state-of-the-art regarding entropies is less developed. The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Lorenzo Carfagna , Carlo Tosoni

Inverted indexes are vital in providing fast key-word-based search. For every term in the document collection, a list of identifiers of documents in which the term appears is stored, along with auxiliary information such as term frequency,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Harrie Oosterhuis , J. Shane Culpepper , Maarten de Rijke

The wavelet tree (Grossi et al. [SODA, 2003]) and wavelet matrix (Claude et al. [Inf. Syst., 47:15--32, 2015]) are compact indices for texts over an alphabet $[0,\sigma)$ that support rank, select and access queries in $O(\lg \sigma)$ time.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Johannes Fischer , Florian Kurpicz , Marvin Löbel

Sequence representations supporting not only direct access to their symbols, but also rank/select operations, are a fundamental building block in many compressed data structures. Several recent applications need to represent highly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Alberto Ordóñez , Gonzalo Navarro , Nieves R. Brisaboa

Pattern matching is the most central task for text indices. Most recent indices leverage compression techniques to make pattern matching feasible for massive but highly-compressible datasets. Within this kind of indices, we propose a new…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Tooru Akagi , Dominik Köppl , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai , Masayuki Takeda

Efficient spatial indexing is crucial for processing large-scale spatial data. Traditional spatial indexes, such as STR-Tree and Quad-Tree, organize spatial objects based on coarse approximations, such as their minimum bounding rectangles…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiangyang Yang , Xuefeng Guan , Lanxue Dang , Yi Xie , Qingyang Xu , Huayi Wu , Jiayao Wang

String diagrams are an increasingly popular algebraic language for the analysis of graphical models of computations across different research fields. Whereas string diagrams have been thoroughly studied as semantic structures, much less…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-04 Paul Wilson , Fabio Zanasi

In this paper, we introduce zip-tries, which are simple, dynamic, memory-efficient data structures for strings. Zip-tries support search and update operations for $k$-length strings in $\mathcal{O}(k+\log n)$ time in the standard RAM model…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-21 David Eppstein , Ofek Gila , Michael T. Goodrich , Ryuto Kitagawa

The Fenwick tree is a classical implicit data structure that stores an array in such a way that modifying an element, accessing an element, computing a prefix sum and performing a predecessor search on prefix sums all take logarithmic time.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Stefano Marchini , Sebastiano Vigna

We describe a data structure that stores a string $S$ in space similar to that of its Lempel-Ziv encoding and efficiently supports access, rank and select queries. These queries are fundamental for implementing succinct and compressed data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-12-03 Djamal Belazzougui , Travis Gagie , Paweł Gawrychowski , Juha Kärkkäinen , Alberto Ordóñez , Simon J. Puglisi , Yasuo Tabei

In many modern applications, including analysis of gene expression and text documents, the data are noisy, high-dimensional, and unordered--with no particular meaning to the given order of the variables. Yet, successful learning is often…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-07-25 Ann B. Lee , Boaz Nadler , Larry Wasserman

A 'degenerate string' is a sequence of subsets of some alphabet; it represents any string obtainable by selecting one character from each set from left to right. Recently, Alanko et al. generalized the rank-select problem to degenerate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Philip Bille , Inge Li Gørtz , Tord Stordalen

Binary relations are commonly used in Computer Science for modeling data. In addition to classical representations using matrices or lists, some compressed data structures have recently been proposed to represent binary relations in compact…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Carlos Quijada-Fuentes , Miguel R. Penabad , Susana Ladra , Gilberto Gutiérrez

The need for scalable concurrent ordered set data structures with linearizable range query support is increasing due to the rise of multicore computers, data processing platforms and in-memory databases. This paper presents a new concurrent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Kjell Winblad

In this paper we describe compressed indexes that support pattern matching queries for strings with wildcards. For a constant size alphabet our data structure uses $O(n\log^{\varepsilon}n)$ bits for any $\varepsilon>0$ and reports all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-01-06 Moshe Lewenstein , Yakov Nekrich , Jeffrey Scott Vitter

Tracking data lineage is important for data integrity, reproducibility, and debugging data science workflows. However, fine-grained lineage (i.e., at a cell level) is challenging to store, even for the smallest datasets. This paper…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jinjin Zhao , Sanjay Krishnan