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We present an analytic model to describe the supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) merger rate in the Universe with astrophysical observables: galaxy stellar mass function, pair fraction, merger timescale and black hole - host galaxy…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-25 Siyuan Chen , Alberto Sesana , Christopher J. Conselice

The formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe and its role in the properties of the galaxies is one of the open questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Though, traditionally, electromagnetic waves have been instrumental…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-02-16 Vida Saeedzadeh , Suvodip Mukherjee , Arif Babul , Michael Tremmel , Thomas R. Quinn

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) measure nHz frequency gravitational waves (GWs) generated by orbiting massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) with periods between 0.1-10 yr. Previous studies on the nHz GW background assumed that the inspiral is…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 Bence Kocsis , Alberto Sesana

Gravitational waves (GWs) can resonate with magnetic fields through the Gertsenshtein-Zeldovich effect, producing electromagnetic signals at the same frequency. In pulsar magnetospheres, this conversion may yield a faint radio-band signal…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-22 Wei Hong , Peng He , Tong-Jie Zhang , Shi-Yu Li , Pei Wang

The nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB) is believed to be dominated by GW emission from supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs). Observations of several dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) strongly suggest a link between AGN and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-24 J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Jenny E. Greene , Kris Pardo , Morgan Nañez , Andy D. Goulding

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) groups have recently claimed the detection of nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB), but the origin of this gravitational wave (GW) signal remains unclear. Nanohertz GWs generated by supermassive…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 Qing Yang , Xiao Guo , Zhoujian Cao , Xiaoyun Shao , Xi Yuan

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments such as NANOGrav and PPTA recently reported evidence of a gravitational wave (GW) background at nano-Hz frequency band. This signal can originate from scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-04 Junsong Cang , Yu Gao , Yiming Liu , Sichun Sun

The nano-hertz (nHz) stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), generated by unresolved supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), provides a unique probe of their population and its cosmic evolution. In this work, we explore the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mohit Raj Sah , Suvodip Mukherjee

We consider gravitational waves emitted by various populations of compact binaries at cosmological distances. We use population synthesis models to characterize the properties of double neutron stars, double black holes and double white…

The NANOGrav Collaboration has recently announced evidence for nHz gravitational waves (GWs), in the form of a Hellings-Downs angular correlation in the common-spectrum process that had been observed previously by them and other Pulsar…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-01-15 John Ellis , Malcolm Fairbairn , Gert Hütsi , Juhan Raidal , Juan Urrutia , Ville Vaskonen , Hardi Veermäe

Massive black holes (MBHs) exist in the Galactic center (GC) and other nearby galactic nuclei. As natural outcome of galaxy mergers, some MBHs may have a black hole (BH) companion. In this paper, assuming that the MBHs in the GC and some…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-11-22 Xiao Guo , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

We present the results of a search for gravitational waves (GWs) from individual sources using high-cadence observations of PSR J1909\(-\)3744 obtained during an intensive observing campaign with the International Pulsar Timing Array second…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-13 Jing Zou , Jingbo Wang Jianping Yuan , De Zhao , Yirong Wen , Wei Li , Na Wang , Yong Xia

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) coalescence in galaxy mergers is believed to be one of the primary sources of very low frequency gravitational waves (GWs). Significant contribution of the GWs comes from mergers of massive galaxies with…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-11 Z. L. Wen , F. S. Liu , J. L. Han

We study the orbital evolution and gravitational wave (GW) emission of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries formed in gas-free mergers of massive early-type galaxies using the hybrid tree-regularized N-body code KETJU. The evolution of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-12-11 Matias Mannerkoski , Peter H. Johansson , Pauli Pihajoki , Antti Rantala , Thorsten Naab

Mergers of compact binaries, such as binary neutron stars (BNSs), neutron star-black hole binaries (NSBHs), and binary black holes (BBHs), are expected to be the best candidates for the sources of gravitational waves (GWs) and the leading…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-02-07 Wei-Wei Tan , Xi-Long Fan , F. Y. Wang

Pulsar timing observations are used to place constraints on the rate of coalescence of supermassive black-hole (SMBH) binaries as a function of mass and redshift. In contrast to the indirect constraints obtained from other techniques,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Z. L. Wen , F. A. Jenet , D. Yardley , G. B. Hobbs , R. N. Manchester

We present results of an all-sky search in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) Data Release 1 data set for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) in the frequency range from $5\times 10^{-9}$ to $2\times 10^{-7}$ Hz. Such signals could be…

In multi-component dark matter models, a fraction $f_\text{pbh}$ of the dark matter could be in the form of primordial black holes (PBHs) with (sub)solar masses. Some would have formed binaries that presently trace the Milky Way halo of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-06 Frans van Die , Ivan Rapoport , Yonadav Barry Ginat , Vincent Desjacques

Third generation gravitational-wave (GW) detectors are expected to detect a large number of binary black holes (BBHs) to large redshifts, opening up an independent probe of the large scale structure using their clustering. This probe will…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-14 Aditya Vijaykumar , M. V. S. Saketh , Sumit Kumar , Parameswaran Ajith , Tirthankar Roy Choudhury

Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) at the centers of galaxies emit continuous gravitational waves (GWs) at nanohertz frequencies, and ongoing pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments aim to detect the first individual system.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-28 Patrick Horlaville , John J. Ruan , Michael Eracleous , Jaeden Bardati , Jessie C. Runnoe , Daryl Haggard
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