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Public key quantum money can be seen as a version of the quantum no-cloning theorem that holds even when the quantum states can be verified by the adversary. In this work, investigate quantum lightning, a formalization of "collision-free…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Mark Zhandry

Digital payments have replaced physical banknotes in many aspects of our daily lives. Similarly to banknotes, they should be easy to use, unique, tamper-resistant and untraceable, but additionally withstand digital attackers and data…

We propose a public-key quantum money scheme based on group actions and the Hartley transform. Our scheme adapts the quantum money scheme of Zhandry (2024), replacing the Fourier transform with the Hartley transform. This substitution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Jake Doliskani , Morteza Mirzaei , Ali Mousavi

While classical money can be copied, it is impossible to copy quantum money in principle, with only the bank that issues it knowing how to generate it, meaning only the bank can make exact copies. Not all reliable banks, such as central…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Yuichi Sano

We show the following hold, unconditionally unless otherwise stated, relative to a random oracle: - There are NP search problems solvable by quantum polynomial-time machines but not classical probabilistic polynomial-time machines. - There…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Takashi Yamakawa , Mark Zhandry

We present a quantum token scheme in which the token is a quantum state that ensures secure authentication or payment. In our approach, rooted in Wiesner's quantum money concept, a token is encoded in a multi-qubit state generated by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Yannick Strocka , Mohamed Belhassen , Tim Schröder , Gregor Pieplow

A quantum tamper-evident encryption scheme is a non-interactive symmetric-key encryption scheme mapping classical messages to quantum ciphertexts such that an honest recipient of a ciphertext can detect with high probability any meaningful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Sébastien Lord

The no-cloning property of quantum mechanics allows unforgeability of quantum banknotes and credit cards. Quantum credit card protocols involve a bank, a client and a payment terminal, and their practical implementation typically relies on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-28 Mathieu Bozzio , Eleni Diamanti , Frédéric Grosshans

Research on quantum technology spans multiple disciplines: physics, computer science, engineering, and mathematics. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an accessible introduction to this emerging field for economists that is…

General Economics · Economics 2021-10-11 Isaiah Hull , Or Sattath , Eleni Diamanti , Göran Wendin

Quantum money is the cryptographic application of the quantum no-cloning theorem. It has recently been instantiated by Montgomery and Sharif (Asiacrypt '24) from class group actions on elliptic curves. In this work, we propose a concrete…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Hyeonhak Kim , Donghoe Heo , Seokhie Hong

To detect frauds from some internal participants or external attackers, some verifiable threshold quantum secret sharing schemes have been proposed. In this paper, we present a new verifiable threshold structure based on a single qubit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Dan-Li Zhi , Zhi-Hui Li , Zhao-Wei Han , Li-Juan Liu

We present a quantum digital signature scheme whose security is based on fundamental principles of quantum physics. It allows a sender (Alice) to sign a message in such a way that the signature can be validated by a number of different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniel Gottesman , Isaac Chuang

Developments in scalable quantum networks rely critically on optical quantum memories, which are key components enabling the storage of quantum information. These memories play a pivotal role for entanglement distribution and long-distance…

Quantum tokens are underlying primitives for quantum money and network proposals, which leverage the no-cloning theorem to realize unforgeable authentication. A relevant but overlooked type of attack to such architectures is a hacker that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Lucas Tsunaki , Boris Naydenov

Authentication provides the trust people need to engage in transactions. The advent of physical keys that are impossible to copy promises to revolutionize this field. Up to now, such keys have been verified by classical challenge-response…

It had been widely claimed that quantum mechanics can protect private information during public decision in for example the so-called two-party secure computation. If this were the case, quantum smart-cards could prevent fake teller…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum money represents an innovative approach to currency by encoding economic value within the quantum states of physical systems, utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics to enhance security, integrity, and transferability. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Artur Czerwinski

We propose an information-theoretically secure encryption scheme for classical messages with quantum ciphertexts that offers detection of eavesdropping attacks, and re-usability of the key in case no eavesdropping took place: the entire key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-22 Serge Fehr , Louis Salvail

Methods of quantum mechanics promise information-theoretic security for various protocols in cryptography. However, impossibility of some cryptographic applications such as standard bit commitment, oblivious transfer, multiparty secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-03 Muhammad Nadeem

Public-key cryptosystems for quantum messages are considered from two aspects: public-key encryption and public-key authentication. Firstly, we propose a general construction of quantum public-key encryption scheme, and then construct an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-11 Min Liang , Li Yang