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Related papers: Extending the Reach of QKD Using Relays

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We show how it is possible to operate end-to-end relays on a QKD network by treating each relay as a trusted eavesdropper operating an intercept/resend strategy. It is shown that, by introducing the concept of bit transport, the key rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-24 Simon J. D. Phoenix , Stephen M. Barnett

The maximum distance of quantum communication is limited due to the photon loss and detector noise. Exploiting entanglement swapping, quantum relay could offer ways to extend the achievable distance by increasing the signal to noise ratio.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 An-Ning Zhang , Yu-Ao Chen , Chao-Yang Lu , Xiao-Qi Zhou , Zhi Zhao , Qiang Zhang , Tao Yang , Jian-Wei Pan

We show how QKD on a multi-user, multi-path, network can be used to establish a key between any two end users in an asynchronous fashion using the technique of bit-transport. By a suitable adaptation of our previous secret-sharing scheme we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-20 S. M. Barnett , S. J. D. Phoenix

Quantum security over long distances with untrusted relays is largely unfounded and is still an open question for active research. Nevertheless, quantum networks based on trusted relays are being built across the globe. However, standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Nilesh Vyas , Paulo Mendes

We describe systems and methods for the deployment of global quantum key distribution (QKD) networks covering transoceanic, long-haul, metro, and access segments of the network. A comparative study of the state-of-the-art QKD technologies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-01 Jing Wang , Bernardo Huberman

Quantum Cryptography is on the verge of commercial application. One of its greatest limitations is over long distance - secret key rates are low and the longest fibre over which any key has been exchanged is currently 100 km. We investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-23 Daniel Collins , Nicolas Gisin , Hugues de Riedmatten

A trusted quantum relay is introduced to enable quantum key distribution links to form the basic legs in a quantum key distribution network. The idea is based on the well-known intercept/resend eavesdropping. The same scheme can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Bechmann-Pasquinucci , A. Pasquinucci

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic method enabling two parties to establish a private encryption key. The range of communication of ground-based QKD is limited to an order of 100km, due to in-fibre attenuations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-04 Olivia Lee , Tom Vergoossen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold promise for sharing secure randomness over multi-partities. Most existing QKD network schemes and demonstrations are based on trusted relays or limited to point-to-point scenario. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Wen-Fei Cao , Yi-Zheng Zhen , Yu-Lin Zheng , Shuai Zhao , Feihu Xu , Li Li , Zeng-Bing Chen , Nai-Le Liu , Kai Chen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a family of protocols for growing a private encryption key between two parties. Despite much progress, all ground-based QKD approaches have a distance limit due to atmospheric losses or in-fibre…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-28 Robert Bedington , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Alexander Ling

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

Absorption, scattering, and turbulence experienced in underwater channels severely limit the range of quantum communications. In this paper, to overcome range limitations, we investigate a multi-hop underwater quantum key distribution (QKD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf , Majid Safari , Murat Uysal

With the advent of quantum computing, the increasing threats to security poses a great challenge to communication networks. Recent innovations in this field resulted in promising technologies such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ane Sanz , Asier Atutxa , David Franco , Jasone Astorga , Eduardo Jacob , Diego López

Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

With the rise of quantum technologies, data security increasingly relies on quantum cryptography and its most notable application, quantum key distribution (QKD). Yet, current technological limitations, in particular, the unavailability of…

Entanglement-based quantum links are the backbone of future quantum internet networks, enabling secure communication between distant cities. Realizing such networks requires addressing multiple practical challenges in long-distance quantum…

A major application of quantum communication is the distribution of entangled particles for use in quantum key distribution (QKD). Due to noise in the communication line, QKD is in practice limited to a distance of a few hundred kilometres,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Stefan Bäuml , Matthias Christandl , Karol Horodecki , Andreas Winter

The feasibility of trust-free long-haul quantum key distribution (QKD) networks is addressed. We combine measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD), as an access technology, with a quantum repeater setup, at the core of future quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Nicoló Lo Piparo , Mohsen Razavi

We propose a method for reconfiguring a relay node for polarization encoded quantum key distribution (QKD) networks. The relay can be switched between trusted and untrusted modes to adapt to different network conditions, relay distances,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-10 Jing Wang , Bernardo A. Huberman

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers provably secure, information-theoretic key exchange, but in long-distance scenarios without quantum repeaters, Trusted Nodes (TNs) are commonly employed despite introducing critical security risks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Sumit Chaudhary , Davide Li Calsi , JinHyeock Choi , Marc Geitz , Janis Nötzel
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