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The speed of elementary quantum gates ultimately sets the limit on the speed at which quantum circuits can operate. For a fixed physical interaction strength between two qubits, the speed of any two-qubit gate is limited even with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-15 Bora Basyildiz , Casey Jameson , Zhexuan Gong

The speed of elementary quantum gates, particularly two-qubit gates, ultimately sets the limit on the speed at which quantum circuits can operate. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate commonly used two-qubit gates at nearly the…

The speed of elementary quantum gates sets a limit on the speed at which quantum circuits can be applied and, as a result, the size of the computations that can be performed on a quantum computer. This limitation stems from the fact that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Bora Basyildiz , Zhexuan Gong , Sahel Ashhab

We consider the implementation of two-qubit gates when the physical systems used to realize the qubits possess additional quantum states in the accessible energy range. We use optimal control theory to determine the maximum achievable gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Sahel Ashhab , Fumiki Yoshihara , Tomoko Fuse , Naoki Yamamoto , Adrian Lupascu , Kouichi Semba

Quantum speed limits provide ultimate bounds on the time required to transform one quantum state into another. Here, we extend the notion of quantum speed limits to collections of quantum states, investigating the time for converting a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 Moein Naseri , Chiara Macchiavello , Dagmar Bruß , Paweł Horodecki , Alexander Streltsov

The simplest decomposition of a Toffoli gate acting on three qubits requires {\em five} 2-qubit gates. If we restrict ourselves to controlled-sign (or controlled-NOT) gates this number climbs to six. We show that the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 T. C. Ralph , K. J. Resch , A. Gilchrist

The speed of quantum evolution is limited under finite energy resources. While most quantum speed limits (QSLs) are formulated in terms of quantum states, they can be extended to the evolution operator itself, and thus impose fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Hunter Nelson , Edwin Barnes

Algorithms for quantum information processing are usually decomposed into sequences of quantum gate operations, most often realized with single- and two- qubit gates[1]. While such operations constitute a universal set for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 T. Monz , K. Kim , W. Hänsel , M. Riebe , A. Villar , P. Schindler , M. Chwalla , M. Hennrich , R. Blatt

Quantum mechanics imposes fundamental constraints known as quantum speed limits (QSLs) on the information processing speed of all quantum systems. Every QSL known to date comes from the restriction imposed on the evolution time between two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 H. F. Chau

We derive algebraic bounds on achievable rates for quantum state transfer and entanglement generation in general quantum systems. We apply these bounds to graph-based models of local quantum spin systems to obtain speed limits on these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-19 Jeffrey M. Epstein , K. Birgitta Whaley

What is the time-optimal way of realizing quantum operations? Here, we show how important instances of this problem can be related to the study of shortest paths on the surface of a sphere under a special metric. Specifically, we provide an…

We discuss the realization of a universal set of ultrafast single- and two-qubit operations with superconducting quantum circuits and investigate the most relevant physical and technical limitations that arise when pushing for faster and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-20 Daoquan Zhu , Tuomas Jaako , Qiongyi He , Peter Rabl

Building a quantum computer is a daunting challenge since it requires good control but also good isolation from the environment to minimize decoherence. It is therefore important to realize quantum gates efficiently, using as few operations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-28 T. Bækkegaard , L. B. Kristensen , N. J. S. Loft , C. K. Andersen , D. Petrosyan , N. T. Zinner

We perform optimal-control-theory calculations to determine the minimum number of two-qubit CNOT gates needed to perform quantum state preparation and unitary operator synthesis for few-qubit systems. By considering all possible gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Sahel Ashhab , Naoki Yamamoto , Fumiki Yoshihara , Kouichi Semba

We examine the detailed scenario for implementing n-control-qubit Toffoli gates and select gates on ion-trap quantum computers, especially those that shuttle ions into interaction zones. We determine expected performance of these gates with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Nilesh Goel , J. K. Freericks

We consider a quantum gate, driven by a general time-dependent Hamiltonian, that complements the state of a qubit and then adds to it an arbitrary phase shift. It is shown that the minimum operation time of the gate is tau = (h/4E)(1+2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Lev B. Levitin , Tommaso Toffoli , Zachary Walton

An important aspect that strongly impacts the experimental feasibility of quantum circuits is the ratio of gate times and typical error time scales. Algorithms with circuit depths that significantly exceed the error time scales will result…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Daniel Basilewitsch , Clemens Dlaska , Wolfgang Lechner

While recent breakthroughs in quantum computing promise the nascence of the quantum information age, quantum states remain delicate to control. Moreover, the required energy budget for large scale quantum applications has only sparely been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-18 Maxwell Aifer , Sebastian Deffner

Pairwise exchange couplings have long been the standard mechanism for entangling spin qubits in semiconductor systems. However, implementing quantum circuits based on pairwise exchange gates often requires a lengthy sequence of elementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Miguel G. Rodriguez , Yun-Pil Shim

We present numerical results which show how two-bit logic gates can be used in the design of a quantum computer. We show that the Toffoli gate, which is a universal gate for all classical reversible computation, can be implemented using a…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 David P. DiVincenzo , John Smolin
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