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Time-bin qubits, where information is encoded in a single photon at different times, have been widely used in optical fiber and waveguide based quantum communications. With the recent developments in distributed quantum computation, it is…

Accurate and efficient control of quantum systems is one of the central challenges for quantum information processing. Current state-of-the-art experiments rarely go beyond 10 qubits and in most cases demonstrate only limited control. Here…

We present a scalable formal verification methodology for Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE) circuits. Our approach uses a symbolic qubit abstraction based on quantifier-free bit-vector logic, capturing key quantum phenomena, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Arun Govindankutty , Sudarshan K. Srinivasan

Quantum computing hardware has grown sufficiently complex that it often can no longer be simulated by classical computers, but its computational power remains limited by errors. These errors corrupt the results of quantum algorithms, and it…

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware necessitates the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests fall short, as they either suffer from systematic errors or do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

In the current work we address the problem of quantum process tomography (QPT) in the case of imperfect preparation and measurement of the states which are used for QPT. The fuzzy measurements approach which helps us to efficiently take…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-21 B. I. Bantysh , D. V. Fastovets , Yu. I. Bogdanov

For qubits, Monte Carlo estimation of the average fidelity of Clifford unitaries is efficient -- it requires a number of experiments that is independent of the number $n$ of qubits and classical computational resources that scale only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-23 Giulia Gualdi , David Licht , Daniel M. Reich , Christiane P. Koch

A Toffoli gate ($C^{n}$-NOT gate) is regarded as an important unitary gate in quantum computation, and is simulated by a quantum circuit composed of $C^{2}$-NOT gates. This paper presents a quantum circuit with a new configuration of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Masanari Asano , Chikara Ishii

We introduce an approach to quantum information processing where the information is stored in the motional degrees of freedom of nanomechanical devices. The qubits of our approach are formed by the two lowest energy levels of mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-04 Simon Rips , Michael J. Hartmann

Any unitary operation in quantum information processing can be implemented via a sequence of simpler steps - quantum gates. However, actual implementation of a quantum gate is always imperfect and takes a finite time. Therefore, seeking for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-29 Michal Sedlak , Martin Plesch

We propose and analyze the design of a programmable photonic integrated circuit for high-fidelity quantum computation and simulation. We demonstrate that the reconfigurability of our design allows us to overcome two major impediments to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-30 Jacob Mower , Nicholas C. Harris , Gregory R. Steinbrecher , Yoav Lahini , Dirk Englund

The problem of simulatability of quantum processes using classical resources plays a cornerstone role for quantum computing. Quantum circuits can be simulated classically, e.g., using Monte Carlo sampling techniques applied to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Denis A. Kulikov , Vsevolod I. Yashin , Aleksey K. Fedorov , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko

We have designed efficient quantum circuits for the three-qubit Toffoli (controlled-controlled NOT) and the Fredkin (controlled-SWAP) gate, optimized via genetic programming methods. The gates thus obtained were experimentally implemented…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-13 Amit Devra , Prithviraj Prabhu , Harpreet Singh , Arvind , Kavita Dorai

Contemporary quantum computers encode and process quantum information in binary qubits (d = 2). However, many architectures include higher energy levels that are left as unused computational resources. We demonstrate a superconducting…

The impressive pace of advance of quantum technology calls for robust and scalable techniques for the characterization and validation of quantum hardware. Quantum process tomography, the reconstruction of an unknown quantum channel from…

We study the implementation of quantum channels with quantum computers while minimizing the experimental cost, measured in terms of the number of Controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gates required (single-qubit gates are free). We consider three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-17 Raban Iten , Roger Colbeck , Matthias Christandl

Generating a unitary transformation in the shortest possible time is of practical importance to quantum information processing because it helps to reduce decoherence effects and improve robustness to additive control field noise. Many…

A key requirement for scalable quantum computing is that elementary quantum gates can be implemented with sufficiently low error. One method for determining the error behavior of a gate implementation is to perform process tomography.…

Accurate methods of assessing the performance of quantum gates are extremely important. Quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking are the current favored methods. Quantum process tomography gives detailed information, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-08 Austin G. Fowler , D. Sank , J. Kelly , R. Barends , John M. Martinis

The Toffoli gate is an important universal quantum gate, and will alongside the Clifford gates be available in future fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware. Many quantum algorithms rely on performing arbitrarily small single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Christoffer Hindlycke , Jakov Krnic , Jan-Åke Larsson