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We use SMT technology to address a class of problems involving uninterpreted functions and nonlinear real arithmetic. In particular, we focus on problems commonly found in mathematical competitions, such as the International Mathematical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Chad E. Brown , Karel Chvalovský , Mikoláš Janota , Mirek Olšák , Stefan Ratschan

We discuss the topic of unsatisfiability proofs in SMT, particularly with reference to quantifier free non-linear real arithmetic. We outline how the methods here do not admit trivial proofs and how past formalisation attempts are not…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Erika Abraham , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers incorporate decision procedures for theories of data types that commonly occur in software. This makes them important tools for automating verification problems. A limitation frequently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Kshitij Bansal , Andrew Reynolds , Tim King , Clark Barrett , Thomas Wies

This work focuses on effectively generating diverse solutions for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) formulas, targeting the theories of bit-vectors, arrays, and uninterpreted functions, which is a critical task in software and hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shuangyu Lyu , Chuan Luo , Ruizhi Shi , Wei Wu , Chanjuan Liu , Chunming Hu

The problem of finding small unsatisfiable cores for SAT formulas has recently received a lot of interest, mostly for its applications in formal verification. However, propositional logic is often not expressive enough for representing many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Alessandro Cimatti , Alberto Griggio , Roberto Sebastiani

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) and SAT solvers are critical components in many formal software tools, primarily due to the fact that they are able to easily solve logical problem instances with millions of variables and clauses. This…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Gereon Kremer , Erika Abraham , Vijay Ganesh

Recent years have witness remarkable performance improvements in maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) solvers. In practice, MaxSAT algorithms often target the most generic MaxSAT formulation, whereas dedicated solvers, which address specific…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Joao Marques-Silva , Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado

SMT solvers use sophisticated techniques for polynomial (linear or non-linear) integer arithmetic. In contrast, non-polynomial integer arithmetic has mostly been neglected so far. However, in the context of program verification, polynomials…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Florian Frohn , Jürgen Giesl

Algebraic data types (ADTs) are a construct classically found in functional programming languages that capture data structures like enumerated types, lists, and trees. In recent years, interest in ADTs has increased. For example, popular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Amar Shah , Federico Mora , Sanjit A. Seshia

Weighted Max-SAT is the optimization version of SAT and many important problems can be naturally encoded as such. Solving weighted Max-SAT is an important problem from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. In recent years, there…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Javier Larrosa , Federico Heras , Simon de Givry

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a fundamental NP-complete problem with many applications, including automated planning and scheduling. To solve large instances, SAT solvers have to rely on heuristics, e.g., choosing a branching variable in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mikhail Shirokikh , Ilya Shenbin , Anton Alekseev , Sergey Nikolenko

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) are widely used in automated verification, but there is a lack of interactive tools designed for educational purposes in this field. To address this gap, we present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Yiqi Zhao , Ziyan An , Meiyi Ma , Taylor Johnson

The Satisfiability (SAT) problem is a core challenge with significant applications in software engineering, including automated testing, configuration management, and program verification. This paper presents SolSearch, a novel framework…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Junjie Sheng , Yanqiu Lin , Jiehao Wu , Yanhong Huang , Jianqi Shi , Min Zhang , Xiangfeng Wang

Local search has recently been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. Among these, nonlinear real arithmetic poses special challenges due to its uncountable solution space and potential need to solve higher-degree…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Zhonghan Wang , Bohua Zhan , Bohan Li , Shaowei Cai

We develop a simple functional programming language aimed at manipulating infinite, but first-order definable structures, such as the countably infinite clique graph or the set of all intervals with rational endpoints. Internally, such sets…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-04-06 Bartek Klin , Michał Szynwelski

We consider the problem of solving floating-point constraints obtained from software verification. We present UppSAT --- a new implementation of a systematic approximation refinement framework [ZWR17] as an abstract SMT solver. Provided…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Aleksandar Zeljic , Peter Backeman , Christoph M. Wintersteiger , Philipp Ruemmer

The Model-Constructing Satisfiability Calculus (MCSAT) framework has been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. NLSAT, an implementation using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) for explanation, is especially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhonghan Wang

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) specifications often rely on quantifiers to remain concise and declarative. However, checking the satisfiability of such specifications directly can be inefficient. A common optimization is to ground the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Pierre Carbonnelle

Machine learning is a thriving part of computer science. There are many efficient approaches to machine learning that do not provide strong theoretical guarantees, and a beautiful general learning theory. Unfortunately, machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-12 Charles Jordan , Łukasz Kaiser

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) refers to the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a formula with respect to certain background first order theories. In this paper, we focus on Satisfiablity Modulo Integer Arithmetic, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Shaowei Cai , Bohan Li , Xindi Zhang