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A significant amount of research has considered mathematical proofs, the students who learn them, and the instructors that teach them, from a variety of perspectives. This paper considers this topic from four main perspectives: students'…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-06-20 Christopher M. van Bommel

This paper compares statistical experiments in discounted problems, ranging from the simplest ones where the state is fixed and the flow of information exogenous to more complex ones, where the decision-maker controls the flow of…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-04-08 Ludovic Renou , Xavier Venel

For testing the statistical significance of a treatment effect, we usually compare between two parts of a population, one is exposed to the treatment, and the other is not exposed to it. Standard parametric and nonparametric two-sample…

Computation · Statistics 2012-11-02 Bikram Karmakar , Kumaresh Dhara , Kushal Kumar Dey , Analabha Basu , Anil Ghosh

The higher criticism of a family of tests starts with the individual uncorrected p-values of each test. It then requires a procedure for deciding whether the collection of p-values indicates the presence of a real effect and if possible…

Usually one compares the accuracy of two competing classifiers via null hypothesis significance tests (nhst). Yet the nhst tests suffer from important shortcomings, which can be overcome by switching to Bayesian hypothesis testing. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-23 Giorgio Corani , Alessio Benavoli , Janez Demšar , Francesca Mangili , Marco Zaffalon

In a high dimensional regression setting in which the number of variables ($p$) is much larger than the sample size ($n$), the number of possible two-way interactions between the variables is immense. If the number of variables is in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-26 Marianne A Jonker , Luc van Schijndel , Eric Cator

We consider two-sample tests for high-dimensional data under two disjoint models: the strongly spiked eigenvalue (SSE) model and the non-SSE (NSSE) model. We provide a general test statistic as a function of a positive-semidefinite matrix.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-28 Makoto Aoshima , Kazuyoshi Yata

We analyze the problem of comparing unitary transformations. The task is to decide, with minimal resources and maximal reliability, whether two given unitary transformations are identical or different. It is possible to make such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Erika Andersson , Igor Jex , Stephen M. Barnett

We compared Bayes factors to normalized maximum likelihood for the simple case of selecting between an order-constrained versus a full binomial model. This comparison revealed two qualitative differences in testing order constraints…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-07-01 Daniel W. Heck , Eric-Jan Wagenmakers , Richard D. Morey

We propose an approach for testing the hypothesis that two realizations of the random variables in the form of histograms are taken from the same statistical population (i.e. that two histograms are drawn from the same distribution). The…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2013-05-22 Sergey Bityukov , Nikolai Krasnikov , Alexander Nikitenko , Vera Smirnova

A popular approach for testing if two univariate random variables are statistically independent consists of partitioning the sample space into bins, and evaluating a test statistic on the binned data. The partition size matters, and the…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-04-28 Ruth Heller , Yair Heller , Shachar Kaufman , Barak Brill , Malka Gorfine

We provide a fully statistical analysis of the results of a Bell test beyond mean values. This is possible in a practical scheme where all the observables involved in the test are simultaneously measured at the expense of unavoidably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Alfredo Luis

Two-sample tests evaluate whether two samples are realizations of the same distribution (the null hypothesis) or two different distributions (the alternative hypothesis). We consider a new setting for this problem where sample features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Weizhi Li , Gautam Dasarathy , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Visar Berisha

We introduce a test of uniformity for (hyper)spherical data motivated by the stereographic projection. The closed-form expression of the test statistic and its null asymptotic distribution are derived using Gegenbauer polynomials. The power…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-07 Alberto Fernández-de-Marcos , Eduardo García-Portugués

We propose a pseudo-primality test using cyclic extensions of $\mathbb Z/n \mathbb Z$. For every positive integer $k \leq \log n$, this test achieves the security of $k$ Miller-Rabin tests at the cost of $k^{1/2+o(1)}$ Miller-Rabin tests.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Jean-Marc Couveignes , Tony Ezome , Reynald Lercier

Contemporary testing problems in statistics are increasingly complex, i.e., high-dimensional. Tests based on the $2$- and $\infty$-norm have received considerable attention in such settings, as they are powerful against dense and sparse…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-10-23 Anders Bredahl Kock , David Preinerstorfer

Testing for independence between two random vectors is a fundamental problem in statistics. It is observed from empirical studies that many existing omnibus consistent tests may not work well for some strongly nonmonotonic and nonlinear…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-27 Kai Xu , Yeqing Zhou , Liping Zhu , Runze Li

Weighted logrank tests are a popular tool for analyzing right censored survival data from two independent samples. Each of these tests is optimal against a certain hazard alternative, for example the classical logrank test for proportional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-07-17 Marc Ditzhaus , Sarah Friedrich

It is a common saying that testing for conditional independence, i.e., testing whether whether two random vectors $X$ and $Y$ are independent, given $Z$, is a hard statistical problem if $Z$ is a continuous random variable (or vector). In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-25 Rajen D. Shah , Jonas Peters

We introduce a powerful deep classifier two-sample test for high-dimensional data based on E-values, called E-value Classifier Two-Sample Test (E-C2ST). Our test combines ideas from existing work on split likelihood ratio tests and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-01 Teodora Pandeva , Tim Bakker , Christian A. Naesseth , Patrick Forré