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We develop Monte Carlo methods for sampling random states and corresponding bit strings in qubit systems. To this end, we derive exact probability density functions that yield the Porter-Thomas distribution in the limit of large systems. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Andreas Raab

A fundamental objective in quantum information science is to determine the cost in classical resources of simulating a particular quantum system. The classical simulation cost is quantified by the signaling dimension which specifies the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-29 Brian Doolittle , Eric Chitambar

We introduce a distributed classical simulation algorithm for general quantum circuits, and present numerical results for calculating the output probabilities of universal random circuits. We find that we can simulate more qubits to greater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-08 Jianxin Chen , Fang Zhang , Cupjin Huang , Michael Newman , Yaoyun Shi

Understanding the boundary between classical simulatability and the power of quantum computation is a fascinating topic. Direct simulation of noisy quantum computation requires solving an open quantum many-body system, which is very costly.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-09 Xun Gao , Luming Duan

Quantum state preparation is a fundamental primitive in quantum algorithms for encoding classical data into quantum amplitudes. We compare the cost of preparing general $n$-qubit states with real amplitudes using two common paradigms:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Diyi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Shuchen Zhu , Jason Cong , Wibe A. de Jong , Di Fang , Zhen Huang , Costin Iancu , Chao Yang

We identify a broad class of physical processes in an optical quantum circuit that can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer: this class includes unitary transformations, amplification, noise, and measurements. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen D. Bartlett , Barry C. Sanders

Spectroscopy is the most important method for probing the structure of molecules. However, predicting molecular spectra on classical computers is computationally expensive, with the most accurate methods having a cost that grows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Liam P. Flew , Ivan Kassal

The study of quantum circuits composed of commuting gates is particularly useful to understand the delicate boundary between quantum and classical computation. Indeed, while being a restricted class, commuting circuits exhibit genuine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-19 Xiaotong Ni , Maarten Van den Nest

In the task of quantum state learning, one receives some data about measurements performed on a state, and using that, must make predictions on the outcomes of unseen measurements. Computing a prediction is generally hard but it has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-19 Mithuna Yoganathan

Classical simulations of quantum circuits are essential for verifying and benchmarking quantum algorithms, particularly for large circuits, where computational demands increase exponentially with the number of qubits. Among available…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-20 Santana Y. Pradata , M 'Anin N. 'Azhiim , Hendry M. Lim , Ahmad R. T. Nugraha

Quantum random sampling is the leading proposal for demonstrating a computational advantage of quantum computers over classical computers. Recently, first large-scale implementations of quantum random sampling have arguably surpassed the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-21 Dominik Hangleiter , Jens Eisert

Classical simulations of quantum circuits are limited in both space and time when the qubit count is above 50, the realm where quantum supremacy reigns. However, recently, for the low depth circuit with more than 50 qubits, there are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-15 Zhao-Yun Chen , Qi Zhou , Cheng Xue , Xia Yang , Guang-Can Guo , Guo-Ping Guo

The question of which and how a particular class of entangled resource states (known as graph states) can be used for measurement based quantum computation (MBQC) recently gave rise to the notion of Flow and its generalisation gFlow. That…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-15 Damian Markham , Elham Kashefi

Validating whether a quantum device confers a computational advantage often requires classical simulation of its outcomes. The worst-case sampling cost of $L_1$-norm based simulation has plateaued at $\le(2+\sqrt{2})\xi_t \delta^{-1}$ in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-02 Lucas Kocia , Genele Tulloch

We describe and analyze algorithms for classically simulating measurement of an $n$-qubit quantum state $\psi$ in the standard basis, that is, sampling a bit string $x$ from the probability distribution $|\langle x|\psi\rangle|^2$. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Yinchen Liu

It is believed that random quantum circuits are difficult to simulate classically. These have been used to demonstrate quantum supremacy: the execution of a computational task on a quantum computer that is infeasible for any classical…

Classical simulation of quantum physics is a central approach to investigating physical phenomena. Quantum computers enhance computational capabilities beyond those of classical resources, but it remains unclear to what extent existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Adrián Pérez-Salinas , Patrick Emonts , Jordi Tura , Vedran Dunjko

We show a similarity between two different classical simulation methods for measurement based quantum computation -- one relying on a low entanglement (tree tensor network) representation of the computer's state, and the other a tensor…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-11 Nadav Yoran

Traditional algorithms for simulating quantum computers on classical ones require an exponentially large amount of memory, and so typically cannot simulate general quantum circuits with more than about 30 or so qubits on a typical PC-scale…

We provide practical simulation methods for scalar field theories on a quantum computer that yield improved asymptotics as well as concrete gate estimates for the simulation and physical qubit estimates using the surface code. We achieve…