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Embedding fusion has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing performance across various NLP tasks. However, systematic guidelines for selecting optimal layers and developing effective fusion strategies for the integration of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Jiho Gwak , Yuchul Jung

Classifying requirements into functional requirements (FR) and non-functional ones (NFR) is an important task in requirements engineering. However, automated classification of requirements written in natural language is not straightforward,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Zahra Shakeri Hossein Abad , Oliver Karras , Parisa Ghazi , Martin Glinz , Guenther Ruhe , Kurt Schneider

Analysis of data related to software development helps to increase quality, control and predictability of software development processes and products.However, collecting such data for is a complex task. A non-invasive collection of software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-02-24 Vasilii Artemev , Vladimir Ivanov , Manuel Mazzara , Alan Rogers , Alberto Sillitti , Giancarlo Succi , Eugene Zouev

In the international standard for system and software engineering ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288: 2015, the output of the stakeholder needs and the business or mission analysis technical processes are transformed into a technical view of the system by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Siyuan Ji , Charles E. Dickerson , Michael Wilkinson

Completeness is one of the most important attributes of software requirement specifications. Unfortunately, incompleteness is meanwhile one of the most difficult problems to detect. Some approaches have been proposed to detect missing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Ziyan Zhao , Li Zhang , Xiaoli Lian

Software requirements selection aims to find an optimal subset of the requirements with the highest value while respecting the project constraints. But the value of a requirement may depend on the presence or absence of other requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Davoud Mougouei , David M W Powers

Several applications of slicing require a program to be sliced with respect to more than one slicing criterion. Program specialization, parallelization and cohesion measurement are examples of such applications. These applications can…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-09-26 Prasanna Kumar K. , Amitabha Sanyal , Amey Karkare

Complex problems may require sophisticated, non-linear learning methods such as kernel machines or deep neural networks to achieve state of the art prediction accuracies. However, high prediction accuracies are not the only objective to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-24 Marina M. -C. Vidovic , Nico Görnitz , Klaus-Robert Müller , Marius Kloft

Agentic AI architectures augment LLMs with external tools, unlocking strong capabilities. However, tool use is not always beneficial; some calls may be redundant or even harmful. Effective tool use, therefore, hinges on a core LLM decision:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qinyuan Wu , Soumi Das , Mahsa Amani , Arijit Nag , Seungeon Lee , Krishna P. Gummadi , Abhilasha Ravichander , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Software has always been considered as malleable. Changes to software requirements are inevitable during the development process. Despite many software engineering advances over several decades, requirements changes are a source of project…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Waqar Hussain , Didar Zowghi , Tony Clear , Stephen MacDonell , Kelly Blincoe

We investigate the use of Natural Language Inference (NLI) in automating requirements engineering tasks. In particular, we focus on three tasks: requirements classification, identification of requirements specification defects, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Mohamad Fazelnia , Viktoria Koscinski , Spencer Herzog , Mehdi Mirakhorli

Background/Objectives: Software engineering community has been studied extensively on large-sized software organizations and has provided suitable and interesting solutions. However, small software companies that make a large part of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Nazakat Ali , Jang-Eui Hong

A software analysis is a computer program that takes some representation of a software product as input and produces some useful information about that product as output. A software product line encompasses \emph{many} software product…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Ramy Shahin , Marsha Chechik

The goal of this article is twofold. Firstly, nonlinear system identification is introduced to a wide audience, guiding practicing engineers and newcomers in the field to a sound solution of their data driven modeling problems for nonlinear…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Johan Schoukens , Lennart Ljung

Significant efforts has been made to expand the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) beyond basic language tasks. While the generalizability and versatility of LLMs have enabled widespread adoption, evolving demands in application…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Dawen Zhang , Xiwei Xu , Chen Wang , Zhenchang Xing , Robert Mao

The idea of using unfolding as a way of computing a program semantics has been applied successfully to logic programs and has shown itself a powerful tool that provides concrete, implementable results, as its outcome is actually source…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-08-29 José María Rey-Poza , Julio Mariño-Carballo

Transformation approaches for automatically constructing analysis models from textual requirements are critical to software development, as they can bring forward the use of precise formal languages from the coding phase to the requirement…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Keletso J. Letsholo

Self-adaptive software can assess and modify its behavior when the assessment indicates that the program is not performing as intended or when improved functionality or performance is available. Since the mid-1960s, the subject of system…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Tarik A. Rashid , Bryar A. Hassan , Abeer Alsadoon , Shko Qader , S. Vimal , Amit Chhabra , Zaher Mundher Yaseen

Architectural reconstruction is a reverse engineering activity aiming at recovering the missing decisions on a system. It can help identify the components, within a legacy software application, according to the application's architectural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Alvine B. Belle , Ghizlane El Boussaidi , Timothy C. Lethbridge , Segla Kpodjedo , Hafedh Mili , Andres Paz

We describe the software requirements and development methodology developed for the NLC control system. Given the longevity of that project, and the likely geographical distribution of the collaborating engineers, the planned requirements…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. R. White , H. Shoaee