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In this paper, we prove the existence of smooth initial data for the 2D free boundary incompressible Euler equations (also known for some particular scenarios as the water wave problem), for which the smoothness of the interface breaks down…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2012-10-02 Angel Castro , Diego Córdoba , Charles Fefferman , Francisco Gancedo , Javier Gómez-Serrano

Here we consider the 2D free boundary incompressible Euler equation with surface tension. We prove that the surface tension does not prevent a finite time splash or splat singularity, i.e. that the curve touches itself either in a point or…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-06-04 Angel Castro , Diego Córdoba , Charles Fefferman , Francisco Gancedo , Javier Gómez-Serrano

Whether the 3D incompressible Euler equations can develop a singularity in finite time from smooth initial data is one of the most challenging problems in mathematical fluid dynamics. This work attempts to provide an affirmative answer to…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-06-17 Guo Luo , Thomas Y. Hou

In this paper we analyze a 2D free-boundary viscoelastic fluid model of Oldroyd-B type at infinite Weissenberg number. Our main goal is to show the existence of the so-called splash singularities, namely points where the boundary remains…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-11-11 Elena Di Iorio , Pierangelo Marcati , Stefano Spirito

This paper proposes a new general methodology for finite-time singularity formation for moving interface problems involving the incompressible Euler equations in the plane. The first problem considered is the two-phase Euler vortex sheets…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2017-09-04 Daniel Coutand

In fluid dynamics, an interface splash singularity occurs when a locally smooth interface self-intersects in finite time. By means of elementary arguments, we prove that such a singularity cannot occur in finite time for vortex sheet…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-01-19 Daniel Coutand , Steve Shkoller

In fluid dynamics, an interface splash singularity occurs when a locally smooth interface self-intersects in finite time. We prove that for $d$-dimensional flows, $d=2$ or $3$, the free-surface of a viscous water wave, modeled by the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-05-11 Daniel Coutand , Steve Shkoller

This paper establishes finite-time splash singularity formation for 3D viscous incompressible neo-Hookean elastodynamics with free boundaries. The system features mixed stress-kinematic conditions where viscous-elastic stresses balance…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Wei Zhang , Chengchun Hao , Jie Fu

In this paper, we prove the existence of smooth initial data for the 2D free boundary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, for which the smoothness of the interface breaks down in finite time into a splash singularity.

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-05-14 Angel Castro , Diego Córdoba , Charles Fefferman , Francisco Gancedo , Javier Gómez-Serrano

We exhibit smooth initial data for the 2D water wave equation for which we prove that smoothness of the interface breaks down in finite time. Moreover, we show a stability result together with numerical evidence that there exist solutions…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-05-28 Angel Castro , Diego Córdoba , Charles Fefferman , Francisco Gancedo , Javier Gómez-Serrano

In this paper, the existence of finite-time splash singularity is proved for the free-boundary problem of the viscous and non-resistive incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in $ \mathbb{R}^{3}$, based on a construction of a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-09-19 Guangyi Hong , Tao Luo , Zhonghao Zhao

Whether singularities can form in fluids remains a foundational unanswered question in mathematics. This phenomenon occurs when solutions to governing equations, such as the 3D Euler equations, develop infinite gradients from smooth initial…

We prove that there are stationary solutions to the 2D incompressible free boundary Euler equations with two fluids, possibly with a small gravity constant, that feature a splash singularity. More precisely, in the solutions we construct…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-03-25 Diego Cordoba , Alberto Enciso , Nastasia Grubic

In this paper we discuss the existence of stationary incompressible fluids with splash singularities. Specifically, we show that there are stationary solutions to the Euler equations with two fluids whose interfaces are arbitrarily close to…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2017-07-31 Diego Córdoba , Alberto Enciso , Nastasia Grubic

For ideal fluid flow with zero surface tension and gravity, it remains unknown whether local singularities on the free surface can develop in well-posed initial value problems with smooth initial data. This is so despite great advances over…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-08-03 Jian-Guo Liu , Robert L. Pego

In this paper we study a 2D Oldroyd free-boundary model which describes the evolution of a viscoelastic fluid. We prove existence of splash singularities, namely points where the boundary remains smooth but self-intersects. This paper…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-01-08 Elena Di Iorio , Pierangelo Marcati , Stefano Spirito

We examine the blow-up claims of the incompressible Euler equations for several specific flow-fields, (1) the columnar eddies in the vicinity of stagnation; (2) a quasi-three-dimensional structure for illustrating oscillations and…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-06-16 F. Lam

In connection with the recent proposal for possible singularity formation at the boundary for solutions of 3d axi-symmetric incompressible Euler's equations (Luo and Hou, 2013), we study models for the dynamics at the boundary and show that…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-09-15 Kyudong Choi , Thomas Y. Hou , Alexander Kiselev , Guo Luo , Vladimir Sverak , Yao Yao

In this paper we investigate analytically the formation of finite time singularities in the three dimensional incompressible Euler equations under the model of Gibbon, Fokas, and Doering for vorticity stretching within a bounded cylindrical…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-11 Yinshen Xu , Miguel D. Bustamante

Does three-dimensional incompressible Euler flow with smooth initial conditions develop a singularity with infinite vorticity after a finite time? This blowup problem is still open. After briefly reviewing what is known and pointing out…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2007-05-23 U. Frisch , T. Matsumoto , J. Bec
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