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Data depth is a concept in multivariate statistics that measures the centrality of a point in a given data cloud in $\IR^d$. If the depth of a point can be represented as the minimum of the depths with respect to all one-dimensional…

Computation · Statistics 2020-07-17 Rainer Dyckerhoff , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Stanislav Nagy

Zuo (2019) (Z19) addressed the computation of the projection regression depth (PRD) and its induced median (the maximum depth estimator). Z19 achieved the exact computation of PRD via a modified version of regular univariate sample median,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-19 Yijun Zuo

Notions of depth in regression have been introduced and studied in the literature. The most famous example is Regression Depth (RD), which is a direct extension of location depth to regression. The projection regression depth (PRD) is the…

Computation · Statistics 2021-01-19 Yijun Zuo

During the past two decades there has been a lot of interest in developing statistical depth notions that generalize the univariate concept of ranking to multivariate data. The notion of depth has also been extended to regression models and…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-08-18 Peter J. Rousseeuw , Mia Hubert

The conventional definition of a depth function is vector-based. In this paper, a novel projection depth (PD) technique directly based on tensors, such as matrices, is instead proposed. Tensor projection depth (TPD) is still an ideal depth…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-01-06 Yonggang Hu , Yong Wang , Yi Wu

As estimators of location parameters, univariate trimmed means are well known for their robustness and efficiency. They can serve as robust alternatives to the sample mean while possessing high efficiencies at normal as well as heavy-tailed…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Yijun Zuo

Robust estimation of location is a fundamental problem in statistics, particularly in scenarios where data contamination by outliers or model misspecification is a concern. In univariate settings, methods such as the sample median and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Alejandro Cholaquidis , Ricardo Fraiman , Leonardo Moreno , Gonzalo Perera

Depth notions in regression have been systematically proposed and examined in Zuo (2018). One of the prominent advantages of notion of depth is that it can be directly utilized to introduce median-type deepest estimating functionals (or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-13 Yijun Zuo

We introduce a novel projection depth for data lying in a general Hilbert space, called the regularized projection depth, with a focus on functional data. By regularizing projection directions, the proposed depth does not suffer from the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-24 Filip Bočinec , Stanislav Nagy , Hyemin Yeon

The computational complexity of some depths that satisfy the projection property, such as the halfspace depth or the projection depth, is known to be high, especially for data of higher dimensionality. In such scenarios, the exact depth is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-28 Stanislav Nagy , Rainer Dyckerhoff , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

Tukey depth function is one of the most famous multivariate tools serving robust purposes. It is also very well known for its computability problems in dimensions $p \ge 3$. In this paper, we address this computing issue by presenting two…

Computation · Statistics 2016-10-07 Xiaohui Liu

We propose and analyze the moving median absolute deviation (MMAD) as a robust depth construction based on the median absolute distance functional with particular emphasis on its local geometry and probabilistic structure. In the univariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-07 Elsayed Elamir

Data depth functions are a generalization of one-dimensional order statistics and medians to real spaces of dimension greater than one; in particular, a data depth function quantifies the centrality of a point with respect to a data set or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Michael Burr , Robert Fabrizio

The concept of depth represents methods to measure how deep an arbitrary point is positioned in a dataset and can be seen as the opposite of outlyingness. It has proved very useful and a wide range of methods have been developed based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-09 Hugo Lewi Hammer , Anis Yazidi , Håvard Rue

The Tukey (or halfspace) depth extends nonparametric methods toward multivariate data. The multivariate analogues of the quantiles are the central regions of the Tukey depth, defined as sets of points in the $d$-dimensional space whose…

Computation · Statistics 2024-09-30 Vít Fojtík , Petra Laketa , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Stanislav Nagy

Statistical analysis of functional data is challenging due to their complex patterns, for which functional depth provides an effective means of reflecting their ordering structure. In this work, we investigate practical aspects of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-27 Filip Bočinec , Stanislav Nagy , Hyemin Yeon

For computing the exact value of the halfspace depth of a point w.r.t. a data cloud of $n$ points in arbitrary dimension, a theoretical framework is suggested. Based on this framework a whole class of algorithms can be derived. In all of…

Computation · Statistics 2016-01-13 Rainer Dyckerhoff , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

Statistical depth functions order the elements of a space with respect to their centrality in a probability distribution or dataset. Since many depth functions are maximized in the real line by the median, they provide a natural approach to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-26 Luis González-De La Fuente , Alicia Nieto-Reyes , Pedro Terán

The estimation of depth in two-dimensional images has long been a challenging and extensively studied subject in computer vision. Recently, significant progress has been made with the emergence of Deep Learning-based approaches, which have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Vasileios Arampatzakis , George Pavlidis , Kyriakos Pantoglou , Nikolaos Mitianoudis , Nikos Papamarkos

The scatter halfspace depth (sHD) is an extension of the location halfspace (also called Tukey) depth that is applicable in the nonparametric analysis of scatter. Using sHD, it is possible to define minimax optimal robust scatter estimators…

Computation · Statistics 2022-08-11 Xiaohui Liu , Yuzi Liu , Petra Laketa , Stanislav Nagy , Yuting Chen
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