Related papers: Continuants and some decompositions into squares

We show that for each positive integer $a$ there exist only finitely many prime numbers $p$ such that $a$ appears an odd number of times in the period of continued fraction of $\sqrt{p}$ or $\sqrt{2p}$. We also prove that if $p$ is a prime…

Mordell in 1958 gave a new proof of the three squares theorem. Those techniques were generalized by Blackwell, et al., in 2016 to characterize the integers represented by the remaining six "Ramanujan-Dickson ternaries". We continue the…

In 1951, Linnik proved the existence of a constant $K$ such that every sufficiently large even number is the sum of two primes and at most $K$ powers of 2. Since then, this style of approximation has been considered for problems similar to…

Recently the author used certain quaternion orders to demonstrate the universality of some quaternary quadratic forms. Here a further study is done on one of these orders analogous to Hurwitz's proof of the formula for the number of…

We use a representability theorem of G. L. Watson to examine sums of squares in Quaternion rings with integer coefficients. This allows us to determine a large family of such rings where every element expressible as the sum of squares can…

We give a new proof that there are infinitely many primes, relying on van der Waerden's theorem for coloring the integers, and Fermat's theorem that there cannot be four squares in an arithmetic progression. We go on to discuss where else…

In this work we show that based on a conjecture for the pair correlation of integers representable as sums of two squares, which was first suggested by Connors and Keating and reformulated here, the second moment of the distribution of the…

This paper is devoted to a detailed exposition of geometry of continued fractions. We pay particular interest to the case of quadratic irrationalities and use the technique described to prove a criterion for the continued fraction of a…

The two squares theorem of Fermat is a gem in number theory, with a spectacular one-sentence "proof from the Book". Here is a formalisation of this proof, with an interpretation using windmill patterns. The theory behind involves…

Let R denote the reals, and let h: R^n --> R be a continuous, piecewise-polynomial function. The Pierce-Birkhoff conjecture (1956) is that any such h is representable in the form sup_i inf_j f_{ij}, for some finite collection of polynomials…

By assuming some widely-believed arithmetic conjectures, we show that the task of accepting a number that is representable as a sum of $d\geq2$ squares subjected to given congruence conditions is NP-complete. On the other hand, we develop…

We study some properties of the exponents of the terms appearing in the splitting perfect polynomials over $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$, where $p$ is a prime number. This generalizes the work of Beard et al. over $\mathbb{F}_p$. Corrected paper.…

The equation $x^2 + 1 = 0\mod p$ has solutions whenever $p = 2$ or $4n + 1$. A famous theorem of Fermat says that these primes are exactly the ones that can be described as a sum of two squares. That the roots of the former equation are…

The continue fractions of quadratic surds are periodic, according to a theorem by Lagrange. Their periods may have differing types of symmetries. This work relates these types of symmetries to the symmetries of the classes of the…

In the present work, we investigate real numbers whose sequence of partial quotients enjoys some combinatorial properties involving the notion of palindrome. We provide three new transendence criteria, that apply to a broad class of…

Let $\alpha(n)$ denote the number of perfect square permutations in the symmetric group $S_n$. The conjecture $\alpha(2n+1) = (2n+1) \alpha(2n)$, provided by Stanley[4], was proved by Blum[1] using a generating function. This paper presents…

We settle an open problem regarding palindromes; that is, positive integers which are the same when written forwards and backwards. In particular, we prove that for any fixed base $b\geq 2$, there exist infinitely many square-free…

In 1973, Calder\'{o}n proved that an $m \times 2$ positive semidefinite (psd) biquadratic form can always be expressed as the sum of ${3m(m+1) \over 2}$ squares of quadratic forms. Very recently, by applying Hilbert's theorem on ternary…

For each odd prime power q, and each integer k, we determine the sum of the k-th powers of all elements x in F_q for which both x and x+1 are squares in F_q^*. We also solve the analogous problem when one or both of x and x+1 is a…

We investigate exponential sums over singular binary quartic forms, proving an explicit formula for the finite field Fourier transform of this set. Our formula shares much in common with analogous formulas proved previously for other vector…