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We review recent results that provide a new approach to the old problem of naturalness in supersymmetric models, without relying on subjective definitions for the fine-tuning associated with {\it fixing} the EW scale (to its measured value)…
The joint realm of quantum mechanics and the general-relativistic description of gravitation is becoming increasingly accessible to terrestrial experiments and observations. In this essay we study the emerging indications of the violation…
While recent years have witnessed the emergence of various explainable methods in machine learning, to what degree the explanations really represent the reasoning process behind the model prediction -- namely, the faithfulness of…
We consider fits to two or more datasets for which results from the sa me experiment share a common systematic uncertainty in addition to their individ ual statistical errors. This is important in extracting the maximum information from a…
Bayesian statistics has gained popularity in psychological research due to its intuitive uncertainty quantification and convenient information-updating rules. In many applications, however, prior distributions are introduced merely as…
Claims that the standard methodology of scientific testing is inapplicable to Everettian quantum theory, and hence that the theory is untestable, are due to misconceptions about probability and about the logic of experimental testing.…
The ``Gibbs Paradox'' refers to several related questions concerning entropy in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics: whether it is an extensive quantity or not, how it changes when identical particles are mixed, and the proper way to…
We establish a class of sufficient conditions, ensuring that a sequence of multiple integrals with respect to a free Poisson measure converges to a semicircular limit. We use this result to construct a set of explicit counterexamples,…
The experimental problem of converting a measured binomial quantity, the fraction of events in a sample that pass a cut, into a physical binomial quantity, the fraction of events originating from a signal source, is described as a system of…
We present an alternative approach to modeling Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB)-type experiments. The basis for our approach will be to replace the conventional Kolmogorov theory of probability, with the more general Dempster-Schafer…
The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This…
In its continuous version, the entropy functional measuring the information content of a given probability density may be plagued by a "measure" problem that results from improper weighting of phase space. This issue is addressed…
How to generate provably true randomness with minimal assumptions? This question is important not only for the efficiency and the security of information processing, but also for understanding how extremely unpredictable events are possible…
Probability predictions from binary regressions or machine learning methods ought to be calibrated: If an event is predicted to occur with probability $x$, it should materialize with approximately that frequency, which means that the…
Count data with an excessive number of zeros frequently arise in fields such as economics, medicine, and public health. Traditional count models often fail to adequately handle such data, especially when the relationship between the…
There have been many declarations of the death of the Weinberg model of spontaneous CP violation. Previous studies, before the recent measurements of $\epsilon'/\epsilon$, indicated that the model could not accommodate the experimental…
As predictive algorithms grow in popularity, using the same dataset to both train and test a new model has become routine across research, policy, and industry. Sample-splitting attains valid inference on model properties by using separate…
Bayesian inference is a widely used technique for real-time characterization of quantum systems. It excels in experimental characterization in the low data regime, and when the measurements have degrees of freedom. A decisive factor for its…
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen ('EPR') reported on a thought experiment that they believed showed that quantum theory provided an incomplete description of reality. Today we know that quantum theory is a complete…
Quantum measurements with feed-forward are crucial components of fault-tolerant quantum computers. We show how the error rate of such a measurement can be directly estimated by fitting the probability that successive randomly compiled…