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We show that the dynamics of a quantum system can be represented by the dynamics of an underlying classical systems obeying the Hamilton equations of motion. This is achieved by transforming the phase space of dimension $2n$ into a Hilbert…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-08-02 Mário j. de Oliveira

We show how to represent the state and the evolution of a quantum computer (or any system with an $N$--dimensional Hilbert space) in phase space. For this purpose we use a discrete version of the Wigner function which, for arbitrary $N$, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Pablo Bianucci , Cesar Miquel , Juan Pablo Paz , Marcos Saraceno

The backreaction of quantum degrees of freedom on classical backgrounds is a poorly understood topic in theoretical physics. Most often it is treated within the semiclassical approximation with the help of various ad hoc prescriptions…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-03-11 Fabio van Dissel , George Zahariade

Advancements in quantum system lifetimes and control have enabled the creation of increasingly complex quantum states, such as those on multiple bosonic cavity modes. When characterizing these states, traditional tomography scales…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Kevin He , Ming Yuan , Yat Wong , Srivatsan Chakram , Alireza Seif , Liang Jiang , David I. Schuster

We present a new procedure for quantum state reconstruction based on weak continuous measurement of an ensemble average. By applying controlled evolution to the initial state new information is continually mapped onto the measured…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Andrew Silberfarb , Poul S. Jessen , Ivan H. Deutsch

Rapid improvement in quantum hardware has opened the door to complex problems, but the precise characterization of quantum systems itself remains a challenge. To address this obstacle, novel tomography schemes have been developed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-08 Abigail McClain Gomez , Susanne F. Yelin , Khadijeh Najafi

Reconstructing quantum states from measurement data represents a formidable challenge in quantum information science, especially as system sizes grow beyond the reach of traditional tomography methods. While recent studies have explored…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Shabnam Jabeen , Dmytro Kurdydyk , Aadi Palnitkar , Mihir Talati , Jeffrey Yan , Jinghong Yang

Quantum mechanics can be formulated in terms of phase-space functions, according to Wigner's approach. A generalization of this approach consists in replacing the density operators of the standard formulation with suitable functions, the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 Paolo Aniello

We present the experimental reconstruction of the Wigner function of an individual electronic spin qubit associated with a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond at room temperature. This spherical Wigner function contains the same…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-20 Bing Chen , Jianpei Geng , Feifei Zhou , Lingling Song , Heng Shen , Nanyang Xu

Second quantization of a classical nonrelativistic one-particle system as a deformation quantization of the Schrodinger spinless field is considered. Under the assumption that the phase space of the Schrodinger field is $C^{\infty}$, both,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 H. Garcia-Compean , J. F. Plebanski , M. Przanowski , F. J. Turrubiates

We formulate a general principle that supplants a Boolean \sigma-algebra of intrinsic properties of a classical system by a \sigma-complex (a union of \sigma-algebras) of extrinsic properties of a quantum system that are elicited by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-02 Simon Kochen

Quantum devices are preparing increasingly more complex entangled quantum states. How can one effectively study these states in light of their increasing dimensions? Phase spaces such as Wigner functions provide a suitable framework. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 Bálint Koczor , Robert Zeier , Steffen J. Glaser

The principle of maximum likelihood reconstruction has proven to yield satisfactory results in the context of quantum state tomography for many-body systems of moderate system sizes. Until recently, however, quantum state tomography has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-29 Tillmann Baumgratz , Alexander Nüßeler , Marcus Cramer , Martin B. Plenio

Classical Shadow Tomography (Huang, Kueng and Preskill, Nature Physics 2020) is a method for creating a classical snapshot of an unknown quantum state, which can later be used to predict the value of an a-priori unknown observable on that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Zvika Brakerski , Nir Magrafta , Tomer Solomon

We introduce a general method for the construction of quasiprobability representations for arbitrary notions of quantum coherence. Our technique yields a nonnegative probability distribution for the decomposition of any classical state.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-22 J. Sperling , I. A. Walmsley

Classical machine learning theory and theory of quantum computations are among of the most rapidly developing scientific areas in our days. In recent years, researchers investigated if quantum computing can help to improve classical machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-26 D. V. Fastovets , Yu. I. Bogdanov , B. I. Bantysh , V. F. Lukichev

To obtain a complete description of a quantum system, one usually employs standard quantum state tomography, which however requires exponential number of measurements to perform and hence is impractical when the system's size grows large.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-17 Tao Xin , Xinfang Nie , Xiangyu Kong , Jingwei Wen , Dawei Lu , Jun Li

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

Quantum state tomography (QST) is a fundamental task in quantum information science that aims to reconstruct unknown quantum states from measurement data. However, the exponential growth of Hilbert-space dimension with system size makes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Zhen Qin , Michael B. Wakin , Zhihui Zhu

We introduce a quantum phase space representation for the orientation state of extended quantum objects, using the Euler angles and their conjugate momenta as phase space coordinates. It exhibits the same properties as the standard Wigner…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-11 Timo Fischer , Clemens Gneiting , Klaus Hornberger