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Reliable estimation of predictive uncertainty is crucial for machine learning applications, particularly in high-stakes scenarios where hedging against risks is essential. Despite its significance, there is no universal agreement on how to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kajetan Schweighofer , Lukas Aichberger , Mykyta Ielanskyi , Sepp Hochreiter

The spread of ensemble weather forecasts contains information about the spread of possible future weather scenarios. But how much information does it contain, and how useful is that information in predicting the probabilities of future…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Jewson

Predictability estimates of ensemble prediction systems are uncertain due to limited numbers of past forecasts and observations. To account for such uncertainty, this paper proposes a Bayesian inferential framework that provides a simple…

Quantitative characterizations and estimations of uncertainty are of fundamental importance in optimization and decision-making processes. Herein, we propose intuitive scores, which we call certainty and doubt, that can be used in both a…

Calibration$\unicode{x2014}$the problem of ensuring that predicted probabilities align with observed class frequencies$\unicode{x2014}$is a basic desideratum for reliable prediction with machine learning systems. Calibration error is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-02 Eugène Berta , Sacha Braun , David Holzmüller , Francis Bach , Michael I. Jordan

Point forecasts can be interpreted as functionals (i.e., point summaries) of predictive distributions. We consider the situation where forecasters' directives are hidden and develop methodology for the identification of the unknown…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-19 Patrick Schmidt , Matthias Katzfuß , Tilmann Gneiting

Evaluating predictive models is a crucial task in predictive analytics. This process is especially challenging with time series data where the observations show temporal dependencies. Several studies have analysed how different performance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-14 Vitor Cerqueira , Luis Torgo , Carlos Soares

The gaussian spread regression model for the calibration of site specific ensemble temperature forecasts depends on the apparently restrictive assumption that the uncertainty around temperature forecasts is normally distributed. We…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Jewson

Predictability is an emerging metric that quantifies the highest possible prediction accuracy for a given time series, being widely utilized in assessing known prediction algorithms and characterizing intrinsic regularities in human…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-29 En Xu , Tao Zhou , Zhiwen Yu , Zhuo Sun , Bin Guo

In this work, we investigate the reliability of the probabilistic binary forecast. We mathematically prove that a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for achieving a reliable probabilistic forecast is maximizing the Peirce skill score…

Space Physics · Physics 2019-05-20 Yûki Kubo

The classical paradigm of scoring rules is to discriminate between two different forecasts by comparing them with observations. The probability distribution of the observed record is assumed to be perfect as a verification benchmark. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Julie Bessac , Philippe Naveau

We study how to perform tests on samples of pairs of observations and predictions in order to assess whether or not the predictions are prudent. Prudence requires that that the mean of the difference of the observation-prediction pairs can…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-10-03 Dirk Tasche

Probabilistic classifiers output a probability distribution on target classes rather than just a class prediction. Besides providing a clear separation of prediction and decision making, the main advantage of probabilistic models is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Juozas Vaicenavicius , David Widmann , Carl Andersson , Fredrik Lindsten , Jacob Roll , Thomas B. Schön

Uncertainty in probabilistic classifiers predictions is a key concern when models are used to support human decision making, in broader probabilistic pipelines or when sensitive automatic decisions have to be taken. Studies have shown that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Nicolas Posocco , Antoine Bonnefoy

Probabilistic temperature forecasts are potentially useful to the energy and weather derivatives industries. However, at present, they are little used. There are a number of reasons for this, but we believe this is in part due to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Jewson , Christine Ziehmann

A new index for high-impact weather forecasting is introduced and assessed in comparison with the well-established extreme forecast index (EFI). Two other ensemble summary statistics are also included in this comparison study: the…

Applications · Statistics 2023-12-05 Zied Ben-Bouallegue

Assessing uncertainty is an important step towards ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning systems. Existing uncertainty estimation techniques may fail when their modeling assumptions are not met, e.g. when the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-24 Volodymyr Kuleshov , Stefano Ermon

Ensemble forecasts of weather and climate are subject to systematic biases in the ensemble mean and variance, leading to inaccurate estimates of the forecast mean and variance. To address these biases, ensemble forecasts are post-processed…

Applications · Statistics 2016-05-25 Stefan Siegert , Philip G. Sansom , Robin Williams

We show on theoretical grounds that, even in the presence of noise, probabilistic measurement strategies (which have a certain probability of failure or abstention) can provide, upon a heralded successful outcome, estimates with a precision…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-27 J. Calsamiglia , B. Gendra , R. Munoz-Tapia , E. Bagan

Probability forecasts of events are routinely used in climate predictions, in forecasting default probabilities on bank loans or in estimating the probability of a patient's positive response to treatment. Scoring rules have long been used…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-02-24 Tze Leung Lai , Shulamith T. Gross , David Bo Shen