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In this short communication, I give a very simple derivation of the Jarzynski equality, which allows to compute the free energy difference of a body, which is driven between two equilibrium states $A$ and $B$ by an external (time-dependent)…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-16 Frédéric Douarche

This article sets up a new formalism to investigate stochastic thermodynamics of out-of-equilibrium quantum systems, where stochasticity primarily comes from quantum measurement. In the absence of any bath, we define a purely quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-17 Cyril Elouard , David Herrera Marti , Maxime Clusel , Alexia Auffèves

The relation between the distribution of work performed on a classical system by an external force switched on an arbitrary timescale, and the corresponding equilibrium free energy difference, is generalized to quantum systems. Using the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shaul Mukamel

The quantum Jarzynski equality is an important theorem of modern quantum thermodynamics. We show that the Jarzynski equality readily generalizes to relativistic quantum mechanics described by the Dirac equation. After establishing the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-09-30 Sebastian Deffner , Avadh Saxena

In this paper we aim at characterizing the effect of stochastic fluctuations on the distribution of the energy exchanged by a quantum system with an external environment under sequences of quantum measurements performed at random times.…

The measurement postulate of quantum theory stands in conflict with the laws of thermodynamics and has evoked debate regarding what actually constitutes a measurement. With the help of modern quantum statistical mechanics, we take the first…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Emanuel Schwarzhans , Felix C. Binder , Marcus Huber , Maximilian P. E. Lock

One particle in a classical perfect gas is driven out of equilibrium by changing its mass over a short time interval. The work done on the driven particle depends on its collisions with the other particles in the gas. This model thus…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-04-22 T. G. Philbin , J. Anders

We describe a quantum mechanical measurement as a variational principle including interaction between the system under measurement and the measurement apparatus. Augmenting the action with a nonlocal term (a double integration over the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-07 Alan K. Harrison

The Jarzynski equality is a cornerstone of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, linking work statistics to equilibrium free-energy differences. Although it has been extensively verified in classical and quantum Hermitian settings, its status in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Zongru Yang , Teng Liu , Xiaodong Tan , Feng Zhu , Le Luo

The theory of phenomenological Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics is extended by includimg stochastic processes in order to account for recently derived thermodynamical relations such as the Jarzynski equality. Four phenomenological axioms are…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2016-07-20 Wolfgang Muschik

Quantum work is usually determined from two projective measurements of the energy at the beginning and at the end of a thermodynamic process. However, this paradigm cannot be considered thermodynamically consistent as it does not account…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-13 Sebastian Deffner , Juan Pablo Paz , Wojciech H. Zurek

A generic non-integrable (unitary) out-of-equilibrium quantum process, when interrogated across many times, is shown to yield the same statistics as an (non-unitary) equilibrated process. In particular, using the tools of quantum stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-18 Neil Dowling , Pedro Figueroa-Romero , Felix A. Pollock , Philipp Strasberg , Kavan Modi

Using methods of phenomenological non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the proof is performed that Jarzynski's equality is only valid in the reversible limit and that a conclusion to non-equilibrium inequalities concerning free energy and work…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-07-02 Wolfgang Muschik

A superconducting cavity model was proposed as a way to experimentally investigate the work performed in a quantum system. We found a simple mathematical relationship between the free energy variation and visibility measurement in quantum…

A quantum fluctuation theorem for a driven quantum subsystem interacting with its environment is derived based solely on the assumption that its reduced density matrix obeys a closed evolution equation i.e. a quantum master equation (QME).…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-03-01 Massimiliano Esposito , Shaul Mukamel

We consider highly inaccurate measurements made on classical stochastic and quantum systems. In the quantum case such a \e{weak} measurement preserves coherence between the system's alternatives. We demonstrate that in both cases the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 D. Sokolovski , D. Alonso , S. Brouard

A general tool for description of open quantum systems is given by the formalism of quantum operations. Most important of them are trace-preserving maps also known as quantum channels. We discuss those conditions on quantum channels under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-10 Alexey E. Rastegin

The unitary dynamics of isolated quantum systems does not allow a pure state to thermalize. Because of that, if an isolated quantum system equilibrates, it will do so to the predictions of the so-called "diagonal ensemble" $\rho_{DE}$.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Fabio Anza

The characteristic function for the joint measurement of the changes of two commuting observables upon an external forcing of a quantum system is derived. In particular, the statistics of the internal energy, the exchanged heat and the work…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-02-18 Peter Talkner , Michele Campisi , Peter Hänggi

We formulate a statistical model of two sequential measurements and prove a so-called J-equation that leads to various diversifications of the well-known Jarzynski equation including the Crooks dissipation theorem. Moreover, the J-equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-18 Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt , Jochen Gemmer