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We derive the first law of black hole mechanics for physical theories based on a local, covariant and gauge-invariant Lagrangian where the dynamical fields transform non-trivially under the action of internal gauge transformations. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-01-12 Kartik Prabhu

After considering the quantum corrections of Einstein-Maxwell theory, the effective theory will contain some higher-curvature terms and nonminimally coupled electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we study the first law of black holes in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-10-05 Jie Jiang , Aofei Sang , Ming Zhang

Using the solution phase space method, we investigate the thermodynamics of black holes in Einstein-aether-Maxwell theory, for which the traditional Wald method (covariant phase space method) fails. We show the first laws of thermodynamics…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-08-25 Hai-Feng Ding , Xiang-Hua Zhai

We propose a new formula for the entropy of a dynamical black hole$-$valid to leading order for perturbations off of a stationary black hole background$-$in an arbitrary classical diffeomorphism covariant Lagrangian theory of gravity in $n$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-04-02 Stefan Hollands , Robert M. Wald , Victor G. Zhang

It is established that black holes have entropy and behave as thermodynamical systems. Associating entropy to gravitational fields has not remained limited to black holes, necessitating the notion of the second law of thermodynamics in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-26 V. R. Shajiee , M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari

Recently Hollands, Wald and Zhang proposed a new formula for the entropy of a dynamical black hole. We lift this construction to the dynamical cosmological event horizon of an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime. By introducing a nontrivial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-09 Jinan Zhao

We derive the first law of black hole mechanics in the context of the Heterotic Superstring effective action to first order in alpha prime using Wald's formalism. We carefully take into account all the symmetries of the theory and, as a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-06-02 Zachary Elgood , Tomás Ortín , David Pereñíguez

A simple proof of a strengthened form of the first law of black hole mechanics is presented. The proof is based directly upon the Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity, and it shows that the the first law variational formula holds…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert M. Wald

In AdS/CFT, how is the bulk first law realized in the boundary CFT? Recently, Faulkner et al. showed that in certain holographic contexts, the bulk first law has a precise microscopic interpretation as a first law of entanglement entropy in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-04 William R. Kelly

As in thermodynamics, the celebrated first law of black hole mechanics relates infinitesimal changes in the properties of nearby equilibrium states of black holes (without reference to any physical process that causes the transition). Using…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-26 Abhay Ashtekar , Daniel E. Paraizo , Jonathan Shu

Hawking showed that a black hole formed by collapse will emit radiation and eventually disappear. We address the challenge to define an objective notion of physical entropy which increases throughout this process in a way consistent with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-18 Bernard S. Kay

If simple entropy in the Bekenstein-Hawking area law for a Schwarzschild black hole is replaced with 'negative' quantum conditional entropy, which quantifies quantum entanglement, of positive-energy particles of the black hole relative to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-04 Koji Azuma , Go Kato

A toy model of Einstein gravity with a Gauss-Bonnet classically "entropic" term mimicking a quantum correction is considered. The static black hole solution due to Tomozawa is found and generalized with the inclusion of non trivial horizon…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-10-15 Guido Cognola , Ratbay Myrzakulov , Lorenzo Sebastiani , Sergio Zerbini

As one of candidate theories in the construction of regular black holes, Einstein's gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics has been a topic of great concerns. Owing to the coupling between Einstein's gravity and nonlinear…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-05 Yang Guo , Hao Xie , Yan-Gang Miao

We have shown that changes occur in a (2+1)-dimensional charged black hole by adding a charged probe. The particle increases the entropy of the black hole and guarantees the second law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-12-01 Bogeun Gwak , Bum-Hoon Lee

Physical process version of the first law of black hole thermodynamics in Einstein- Maxwell dark matter gravity was derived. The dark matter sector is mimicked by the additional U(1)-gauge field coupled to the ordinary Maxwell one. By…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-02-01 Marek Rogatko , Aneta Wojnar

In previous work, a first law of generalized entropy was derived from semiclassical gravitational dynamics around thermal setups using an assumed relation between the matter modular Hamiltonian and the gravitational stress tensor. Allowing…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-04-27 Hong Zhe Chen

In black hole thermodynamics of certain models, the thermodynamic first law may contain the pressure term. The corresponding entropy follows the area law whereas the thermodynamic energy is not the same with the black hole mass. If the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-04-02 Edwin J. Son , Wontae Kim

I give a simple proof of the physical process first law of black hole thermodynamics including charged black holes, in which all perturbations are computed on the horizon.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-19 Antoine Rignon-Bret

A possible source of black hole entropy could be the entanglement of quantum fields in and out the horizon. The entanglement entropy of the ground state obeys the area law. However, a correction term proportional to a fractional power of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-08-22 Ahmad Sheykhi , Seyed Hossein Hendi