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The CDCL algorithm is the leading solution adopted by state-of-the-art solvers for SAT, SMT, ASP, and others. Experiments show that the performance of CDCL solvers can be significantly boosted by embedding domain-specific heuristics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Carmine Dodaro , Philip Gasteiger , Nicola Leone , Benjamin Musitsch , Francesco Ricca , Konstantin Schekotihin

Weighted Max-SAT is the optimization version of SAT and many important problems can be naturally encoded as such. Solving weighted Max-SAT is an important problem from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. In recent years, there…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Javier Larrosa , Federico Heras , Simon de Givry

In this paper we present a portfolio LTL-satisfiability solver, called Polsat. To achieve fast satisfiability checking for LTL formulas, the tool integrates four representative LTL solvers: pltl, TRP++, NuSMV, and Aalta. The idea of Polsat…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-08 Jianwen Li , Geguang Pu , Lijun Zhang , Yinbo Yao , Moshe Y. Vardi , Jifeng he

We propose a new approach to SAT solving which solves SAT problems in vector spaces as a cost minimization problem of a non-negative differentiable cost function J^sat. In our approach, a solution, i.e., satisfying assignment, for a SAT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Taisuke Sato , Ryosuke Kojima

This paper proposes a technique to help choose the best formal specification candidate among a set of alternatives. Given a set of specifications, our technique generates a suite of test cases that, once classified by the user as desirable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Alcino Cunha , Nuno Macedo

CDCL-based SAT solvers have transformed the field of automated reasoning owing to their demonstrated efficiency at handling problems arising from diverse domains. The success of CDCL solvers is owed to the design of clever heuristics that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel

We propose Differentiable Satisfiability and Differentiable Answer Set Programming (Differentiable SAT/ASP) for multi-model optimization. Models (answer sets or satisfying truth assignments) are sampled using a novel SAT/ASP solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Matthias Nickles

Many different approaches for solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) and related Constraint Optimization Problems (COPs) exist. However, there is no single solver (nor approach) that performs well on all classes of problems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-11 Mirko Stojadinović , Mladen Nikolić , Filip Marić

In Constraint Programming (CP) a portfolio solver combines a variety of different constraint solvers for solving a given problem. This fairly recent approach enables to significantly boost the performance of single solvers, especially when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Roberto Amadini , Maurizio Gabbrielli , Jacopo Mauro

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, the first problem proven to be NP-complete, has become a fundamental challenge in computational complexity, with widespread applications in optimization and verification across many domains. Despite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Curie Kim , Carsten Portner , Mingju Liu , Steve Dai , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany , Alvaro Velasquez , Ismail Alkhouri , Cunxi Yu

The IC3 algorithm, also known as PDR, is a SAT-based model checking algorithm that has significantly influenced the field in recent years due to its efficiency, scalability, and completeness. It utilizes SAT solvers to solve a series of SAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuheng Su , Qiusong Yang , Yiwei Ci , Yingcheng Li , Tianjun Bu , Ziyu Huang

We compare the impact of hardware advancement and algorithm advancement for SAT solving over the last two decades. In particular, we compare 20-year-old SAT-solvers on new computer hardware with modern SAT-solvers on 20-year-old hardware.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Johannes K. Fichte , Markus Hecher , Stefan Szeider

It has long been observed that for practically any computational problem that has been intensely studied, different instances are best solved using different algorithms. This is particularly pronounced for computationally hard problems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Pascal Kerschke , Holger H. Hoos , Frank Neumann , Heike Trautmann

This study addresses the challenge of online learning in contexts where agents accumulate disparate data, face resource constraints, and use different local algorithms. This paper introduces the Switched Online Learning Algorithm (SOLA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Darshan Gadginmath , Shivanshu Tripathi , Fabio Pasqualetti

State-of-the-art SAT solvers are nowadays able to handle huge real-world instances. The key to this success is the so-called Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL) scheme, which encompasses a number of techniques that exploit the conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Robert Nieuwenhuis , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell

I argue that the most interesting goal facing researchers in automated reasoning is being able to solve problems that cannot currently be solved by existing tools and methods. This may appear obvious, and is clearly not an original thought,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Giles Reger

In this paper, we investigate the strength of six different SAT solvers in attacking various obfuscation schemes. Our investigation revealed that Glucose and Lingeling SAT solvers are generally suited for attacking small-to-midsize…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-02 Shervin Roshanisefat , Harshith K. Thirumala , Kris Gaj , Houman Homayoun , Avesta Sasan

For many users of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers, the solver's performance is the main bottleneck in their application. One promising approach for improving performance is to leverage the increasing availability of parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Amalee Wilson , Andres Noetzli , Andrew Reynolds , Byron Cook , Cesare Tinelli , Clark Barrett

An algorithm for a particular problem may find some instances of the problem easier and others harder to solve, even for a fixed input size. We numerically analyse the relative hardness of MAX 2-SAT problem instances for various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-24 Puya Mirkarimi , Adam Callison , Lewis Light , Nicholas Chancellor , Viv Kendon

We present a hardware-accelerated SAT solver suitable for processor/Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) hybrid platforms, which have become the norm in the embedded domain. Our solution addresses a known bottleneck in SAT solving…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Hariprasadh Godindasamy , Babak Esfandiari , Paulo Garcia